1. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(1):88-95.
Understanding the differences in obesity among working adults between Taiwan and
China.
Shimokawa S, Chang HH, Pinstrup-Andersen P.
Division of Social Science, Hongkong University of Science and Technology,
Kowloon, Hongkong.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in the prevalence of obesity and the
associations between the risk of obesity and socioeconomic factors with regard to
working adults in China and Taiwan. DATA: The 2000 China Health and Nutrition
Survey and the 2001 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan, which contains
information from 20-60-year-old working adults in China (3,067 men and 2,998
women) and Taiwan (6,475 men and 6,341 women). METHOD: Variables were converted
to cross-economy comparable forms, and the estimated prevalence of obesity across
socioeconomic groups was compared between China and Taiwan. Probit models were
used to examine the associations between socioeconomic factors and the
probability of being obese. RESULTS: In China, the prevalence of obesity was
higher in the higher income, more educated, and more sedentary occupation groups,
while it was higher in the lower income and less educated groups in Taiwan. Also,
our results indicate that occupational types rather than income and education
levels are more significantly associated with the probability of being obese in
China, whereas income and education levels rather than occupational types are
more significantly associated with the probability of being obese in Taiwan.
These findings may indicate that, when an economy becomes more developed, the
association between obesity risk and income and education levels becomes more
significant and negative especially among women, while the association between
obesity risk and occupational types decreases especially among men.
PMID: 19329401 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009 Jun;37(3):267-75. Epub 2009 Mar 19.
Racial/ethnic variations in associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth
loss.
Jimenez M, Dietrich T, Shih MC, Li Y, Joshipura KJ.
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. monik_jimenez@hsdm.harvard.edu
OBJECTIVES: To compare the associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth
loss among White, Black, and Mexican-American people. METHODS: Analyses were
conducted on 16,821 adults, using data from the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey-III. Age- and multivariate-adjusted negative binomial
regressions were used to explore the relation of socioeconomic factors, region of
residence, gender, and foreign birth with the number of missing teeth. Effect
modification by race/ethnicity was assessed by the inclusion of interaction
terms. RESULTS: In multivariate-adjusted analyses, non-Hispanic White people with
9-12 years of education exhibited 71% higher mean number of missing teeth than
those with >12 years of education [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.71, 95%
confidence interval (CI): 1.52-1.92]. Education was unrelated to the number of
teeth among non-Hispanic Black people (IRR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00-1.35) or
Mexican-Americans (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.93-1.31). The poorest White people
exhibited 39% more missing teeth, on average, than the most affluent White
people, but no association between poverty and number of teeth was observed among
Black or Mexican-American people. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between
socioeconomic factors and tooth loss vary across race/ethnicity. This suggests
that the health benefits associated with high socioeconomic status are not
equally shared across racial/ethnic groups.
PMCID: PMC2758161 [Available on 2010/6/1]
PMID: 19302573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3. Am J Ind Med. 2009 May;52(5):358-71.
Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among
US workers--NHANES, 1999-2004.
Tak S, Davis RR, Calvert GM.
Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA. stak@cdc.gov
BACKGROUND: To estimate the prevalence of workplace noise exposure and use of
hearing protection devices (HPDs) at noisy work, NIOSH analyzed 1999-2004 data
from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: A
total of 9,275 currently employed workers aged > or =16 years were included in
the weighted analysis. Hazardous workplace noise exposure was defined as
self-reported exposure to noise at their current job that was so loud that the
respondent had to speak in a raised voice to be heard. Industry and occupation
were determined based on the respondent's current place and type of work.
RESULTS: Twenty-two million US workers (17%) reported exposure to hazardous
workplace noise. The weighted prevalence of workplace noise exposure was highest
for mining (76%, SE = 7.0) followed by lumber/wood product manufacturing (55%, SE
= 2.5). High-risk occupations included repair and maintenance, motor vehicle
operators, and construction trades. Overall, 34% of the estimated 22 million US
workers reporting hazardous workplace exposure reported non-use of HPDs. The
proportion of noise-exposed workers who reported non-use of HPDs was highest for
healthcare and social services (73.7%, SE = 8.1), followed by educational
services (55.5%). DISCUSSION: Hearing loss prevention and intervention programs
should be targeted at those industries and occupations identified to have a high
prevalence of workplace noise exposure and those industries with the highest
proportion of noise-exposed workers who reported non-use of HPDs. Published 2009
Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 19267354 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4. Salud Publica Mex. 2009 Jan-Feb;51(1):19-25.
Maternal MTHFR polymorphisms and risk of spontaneous abortion.
Rodríguez-Guillén Mdel R, Torres-Sánchez L, Chen J, Galván-Portillo M,
Blanco-Muñoz J, Anaya MA, Silva-Zolezzi I, Hernández-Valero MA, López-Carrillo L.
National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, México.
OBJECTIVE: To asses the association between intake of folate and B vitamins and
the incidence of spontaneous abortion (SA) according to the maternal
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms (677 C>T and 1298 A>C).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study within a perinatal
cohort of women recruited in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Twenty-three women
with SA were compared to 74 women whose pregnancy survived beyond week 20th.
Intake of folate and B vitamins respectively, was estimated using a validated
food frequency questionnaire. Maternal MTHFR polymorphisms were determined by
PCR-RFLP and serum homocysteine levels by HPLC. RESULTS: Carriers of MTHFR 677TT
and 1298AC genotypes respectively showed an increased risk of SA (OR 677TT vs.
CC/CT=5.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 20.9 and OR 1298 AC vs. AA=5.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 26.6).
CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the role of MTHFR polymorphisms as a risk factor
for SA, regardless of dietary intake of B vitamins.
PMID: 19180309 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5. Soc Sci Med. 2009 Mar;68(5):858-66. Epub 2009 Jan 2.
The contribution of material, psychosocial, and behavioral factors in explaining
educational and occupational mortality inequalities in a nationally
representative sample of South Koreans: relative and absolute perspectives.
Khang YH, Lynch JW, Yang S, Harper S, Yun SC, Jung-Choi K, Kim HR.
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine,
Seoul, 138-736 South Korea. youngk@amc.seoul.kr
The contributions of material, psychosocial, and behavioral factors in explaining
socioeconomic inequalities in health have been explored in many Western studies.
Most prior investigations have looked at relative abilities to explain such
inequalities. In addition, little research focuses on Asian countries, despite
the fact that the prevalence and socioeconomic distribution of risk factors for
mortality are different there. This study examined relative and absolute
abilities of material, psychosocial, and behavioral pathways to explain
educational and occupational inequalities in mortality in a nationally
representative sample from South Korea. The 1998 and 2001 National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey data were pooled and linked to national mortality
data. Of 8366 men and women over 30 years of age, 310 died between 1999 and 2005.
Nine pathway variables were examined: three material factors (income, health
insurance, and car ownership status), three psychosocial factors (depression,
stress, and marital status), and three behavioral factors (smoking, alcohol
consumption, and physical exercise). The relative risk and relative index of
inequality were used as measures of relative inequality, and risk differences and
the slope index of inequality were used as measures of absolute inequality.
Material factors explained a total of 29.0% of the excess in relative risk for
education and 50.0% of the excess in relative risk for occupational class.
Material factors explained 78.6% of the excess in absolute mortality difference
for education and 41.1% for occupational class. Psychosocial factors for both
education and occupational class had a relative and absolute explanatory power of
less than 15%. Behavioral factors showed a relative explanatory power of about
15%, but absolute explanatory power reached 84.0% for education and 105.4% for
occupational class. However, the number of deaths used to calculate the absolute
explanatory power was small. Results of this study suggest that absolute
socioeconomic mortality inequalities could be substantially reduced if behavioral
risk factors were reduced in the whole population.
PMID: 19121885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6. J Occup Environ Med. 2008 Dec;50(12):1401-13.
Examining associations between job characteristics and health: linking data from
the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) to two U.S. national health surveys.
Alterman T, Grosch J, Chen X, Chrislip D, Petersen M, Krieg E Jr, Chung H,
Muntaner C.
Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, USA.
talterman@cdc.gov
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
database can be used to identify job dimensions to serve as proxy measures for
psychosocial factors and select environmental factors, and to determine whether
these factors could be linked to national health surveys to examine associations
with health risk behaviors and outcomes. METHODS: Job characteristics were
obtained from O*NET 98. Health outcomes were obtained from two national surveys.
Data were linked using Bureau of Census codes. Multiple logistic regression was
used to examine associations between O*NET factors and cardiovascular disease,
depression, and health risk factors. RESULTS: Seven of nine work organization or
psychosocial factors were significantly associated with health risk behaviors in
both the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and National Health
Interview Survey. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a method for linking
independently obtained health and job characteristic data based on occupational
code.
PMID: 19092496 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7. Am J Ind Med. 2009 Mar;52(3):179-84.
The relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation: the 1998, 2001,
and 2005 Korea National health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES).
Koh DH, Kim HR, Han SS.
Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Safety and Health
Agency, Incheon, South Korea.
OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and
occupation. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korea
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Men and women aged
20-59 who participated in the three KNHANES were included to analyze the
relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation. Trained interviewers
visited subjects' homes and administered a standardized questionnaire on
diagnosed diseases. Subjects were asked if they had experienced chronic
rhinosinusitis during the previous year or had had rhinosinusitis for three or
more consecutive months. Occupational classification followed the major groups of
the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). We calculated the
prevalence ratios (PRs) of chronic rhinosinusitis by major groups compared with
clerical workers in the three KNHANES. Poisson regression with robust standard
error was conducted, adjusting for age in 10-year strata. RESULTS: There were
significantly increased PRs of chronic rhinosinusitis in plant and machinery
operators and assemblers, elementary occupations, crafts and related trade
workers, and the unemployed. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the relationship
between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupational exposure at the macro level.
PMID: 19051236 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8. Niger J Med. 2008 Jul-Aug;17(3):304-9.
Food insecurity, malnutrition and crude oil spillage in a rural community in
Bayelsa State, south-south Nigeria.
Ordinioha B, Sawyer W.
Community Medicine Department, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital,
Port Harcourt. ruralhealthforum@yahoo.com
BACKGROUND: Oil is the main stay of Nigeria's economy, but most residents in the
oil producing communities still depend entirely on the environment for their
sustenance; and so likely to have a problem of food security in the event of a
deleterious impact on the environment. This study is to examine the effect of a
major crude oil spillage on household food security and the nutritional status of
under-five children in the affected communities. This oil spillage occurred in
May 2000, in Etiama Nembe, a rural communityin Bayelsa State, south-south
Nigeria. METHOD: The study was carried out six months after the spill, using
cross-sectional, external control group study design, with a semi-structured
questionnaire and anthropometry as the study tools. The study participants were
chosen using a two-stage cluster sampling technique. The questionnaire assessing
food insecurity was administered on an adult woman in each of the chosen
households, while the anthropometric measurements were taken for every under-five
year child in the household. RESULTS: A total of 592 questionnaires were
administered and retrieved in both study communities, while anthropometric
measurements of 956 under-five year children were taken. There were no
significant differences in the age and occupations of the respondents, and in the
sizes of their households; although, the respondents in the exposed communities
were significantly better educated (p-value < 0.001). There were significant
differences in the study groups, in household food security (p-value < 0.000001),
and in the prevalence of under-five children with underweight (p-value <0.0001),
and wasting (p-value <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Crude oil spillage can increase
household food insecurity and childhood malnutrition in the affected communities.
Efforts should always be made to provide food aid to affected communities,
irrespective of the cause of the spillage.
PMID: 18788258 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9. Am J Ind Med. 2008 Oct;51(10):748-57.
Gender, precarious work, and chronic diseases in South Korea.
Kim IH, Khang YH, Muntaner C, Chun H, Cho SI.
School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National
University, Seoul, Korea.
OBJECTIVE: In view of the growing number of nonstandard workers in South Korea,
this study examined whether nonstandard workers reported poorer health compared
to standard workers and assessed whether there were gender differences in the
association between employment status and chronic health outcomes. METHOD: Data
were taken from a representative-weighted sample of 1,563 men and 1,045 women
aged 20-64, from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Nonstandard employment included part-time work, temporary work, and day labor.
Self-rated health and self-reported chronic disease conditions were used as
health measures. MAIN RESULTS: Nonstandard employment was significantly
associated with higher risk of self-rated health and chronic conditions after
adjusting for socioeconomic position (education, occupational class, and income)
and health behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise,
and health examinations). However, the pattern in the relation between
nonstandard work and specific health problems greatly differed by gender. Among
men, nonstandard work arrangements were significantly associated with
musculoskeletal disorders (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.24-3.19) and liver disease (OR 2.83,
95% CI 1.27-6.32). Among women, nonstandard employment was related to mental
disorders (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.40-7.56). CONCLUSION: The findings clearly indicate
the need for further study of the observed associations, particularly prospective
and analytical studies. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 18704916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(7):449-58. Epub 2008 May 29.
Occupational social class, risk factors and cardiovascular disease incidence in
men and women: a prospective study in the European Prospective Investigation of
Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) cohort.
McFadden E, Luben R, Wareham N, Bingham S, Khaw KT.
Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
ecm33@cam.ac.uk
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between occupational social class and
cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, and the extent to which classical and
lifestyle risk factors explain such relationships, and if any differences persist
after 65 years of age. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective population
study of 22,478 men and women aged 39-79 years living in the general community in
Norfolk, United Kingdom, recruited using general practice age-sex registers in
1993-1997 and followed up for total mortality to 2006. MAIN RESULTS: In both men
and women an inverse relationship was observed between social class and CVD
incidence, with a relative risk of social class V compared to I of 1.90 in men
(95% CI 1.47 to 2.47, P < 0.001) and 1.90 in women (95% CI 1.45 to 2.49, P <
0.001). Adjusting for classical and lifestyle risk factors (age, smoking, BMI,
systolic blood pressure, total blood cholesterol, history of diabetes, physical
activity, weekly alcohol intake and plasma vitamin C levels) had little effect in
men; the relative risk of social class V compared to I of 1.70 (95% CI 1.31 to
2.22, P < 0.001), while there was some attenuation seen in women, relative risk
of social class V compared to I of 1.56 (95% CI 1.18 to 2.05, P = 0.011). The
association persisted in men and women aged > or =65 years. CONCLUSIONS: Some but
not all of the socioeconomic differential in CVD incidence can be explained by
potentially modifiable classical and lifestyle risk factors. Low social class
remains a risk factor for CVD after age 65 years. Further understanding of the
mechanisms underlying the association is needed if we are to reduce inequalities
in health.
PMID: 18509727 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11. Am J Ind Med. 2008 Aug;51(8):626-32.
Inflammatory markers and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among U.S. workers.
Clark JD 3rd, Wilkinson JD, LeBlanc WG, Dietz NA, Arheart KL, Fleming LE, Lee DJ.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School
of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
BACKGROUND: Self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been associated
with elevated inflammatory markers in adults. The association between SHS
indicated by serum cotinine and markers of inflammation has not been investigated
in adult workers. METHODS: Using the subpopulation of employed participants (20
years and older) who were non-smokers and denied home SHS exposure from the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002, the
association between serum cotinine and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein,
fibrinogen, homocysteine, and white blood cells) was analyzed. Inflammatory
marker values were log-transformed and expressed as geometric means with 95%
confidence intervals (CI). Serum cotinine was categorized as either no cotinine
(below the detection limit), low cotinine (above the detection limit and <0.2
ng/ml), or high cotinine (>or=0.2 and <15.0 ng/ml). The association between serum
cotinine and inflammatory markers was analyzed using univariate and
multivariate-adjusted linear regression. RESULTS: Geometric mean serum cotinine
was significantly higher among non-smokers reporting SHS exposure in the
workplace (0.17 vs. 0.10 ng/ml, P < 0.01). Workers exposed to low and high levels
of cotinine had significantly higher homocysteine levels relative to non-exposed
workers; mean homocysteine differences remained significant in the multivariable
model (i.e., 0.363 and 0.491 mg/dl increase, respectively). CONCLUSION: Exposure
to SHS as measured by serum cotinine may result in increased homocysteine levels
among adult workers. These results provide further evidence in support of
universal workplace smoking restrictions in order to protect worker health.
Further research is required to determine the adverse effects of workplace SHS
exposure on cardiovascular risk.
PMID: 18481260 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12. J Phys Act Health. 2008 Mar;5(2):229-41.
Interrelations of socioeconomic position and occupational and leisure-time
physical activity in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Wolin KY, Bennett GG.
Dept of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern
University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
BACKGROUND: The interrelations between various physical activity domains have
received little empirical attention in the United States. Of particular interest,
given the potential applicability to traditionally underserved communities, is
the nature of the association between occupational physical activity (OPA) and
leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). METHODS: 5448 adult men and women who
participated in NHANES 1999-2000 were included in analyses. Linear regression was
used to examine the bivariate and multivariable associations of OPA and education
with LTPA. Generalized logit models were used to examine the association of
education with OPA. RESULTS: We found no association between education and LTPA.
OPA was significantly positively associated with LTPA (P < .001). The association
between OPA and LTPA was not strongest among those with low education and held
only for men in gender-stratified analysis. Education was inversely associated
with OPA (P < .001) in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings lend
preliminary support to the hypothesis that OPA is an important determinant of
LTPA, particularly in men. This provides additional support to calls for
assessment of OPA, particularly among individuals of low social class.
PMCID: PMC2742365
PMID: 18382032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
13. Soc Sci Med. 2008 May;66(9):1967-78. Epub 2008 Mar 11.
The effect of income and occupation on body mass index among women in the Cebu
Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys (1983-2002).
Colchero MA, Caballero B, Bishai D.
Department of Health Economics and Evaluation, National Institute of Public
Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico. acolchero@correro.insp.mx
We assessed the effects of changes in income and occupational activities on
changes in body weight among 2952 non-pregnant women enrolled in the Cebu
Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys between 1983 and 2002. On average, body
mass index (BMI) among women occupied in low activities was 0.29 kg/m(2)
(standard error 0.11) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. BMI
among women involved in medium activities was on average 0.12 kg/m(2) (standard
error 0.05) larger compared to women occupied in heavy activities. A one-unit
increase in log household income in the previous survey was associated with a
small and positive change in BMI of 0.006 kg/m(2) (standard error 0.02) but the
effect was not significant. The trend of increasing body mass was higher in the
late 1980s than during the 1990s. These period effects were stronger for the
women who were younger at baseline and for women with low or medium activity
levels. Our analysis suggests a trend in the environment over the last 20 years
that has increased the susceptibility of Filipino women to larger body mass.
PMID: 18336975 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14. J Occup Environ Med. 2008 Jan;50(1):57-63.
Declining trends in serum cotinine levels in US worker groups: the power of
policy.
Arheart KL, Lee DJ, Dietz NA, Wilkinson JD, Clark JD 3rd, LeBlanc WG, Serdar B,
Fleming LE.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School
of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To explore trends in cotinine levels in US worker groups. METHODS:
Using NHANES III data, serum cotinine levels of US workers not smokers nor
exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) at home were evaluated for trends by
occupational/industrial and race/ethnicity-gender sub-groups. RESULTS: Decreases
from 1988 to 2002 ranged from 0.08 to 0.30 ng/mL (67% to 85% relative decrease),
with largest absolute reductions in: blue-collar and service occupations;
construction/manufacturing industrial sectors; non-Hispanic Black male workers.
CONCLUSIONS: All worker groups had declining serum cotinine levels. Most dramatic
reductions occurred in sub-groups with the highest before cotinine levels, thus
disparities in SHS workforce exposure are diminishing with increased adoption of
clean indoor laws. However, Black male workers, construction/manufacturing sector
workers, and blue-collar and service workers have the highest cotinine levels.
Further reductions in SHS exposure will require widespread adoption of workplace
clean air laws without exemptions.
PMID: 18188082 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15. J Biosoc Sci. 2008 Sep;40(5):697-723. Epub 2007 Dec 19.
Traditional occupations and nutritional adaptation among Central Indian caste
populations.
Gautam RK.
Department of Anthropology, Dr. H. S. Gour University Sagar, Madhya Pradesh,
India.
The socioeconomic milieu has benefits and drawbacks for determining level of
nutrition. The Indian population provides an excellent example of
nutrition-driven adaptation. The present paper deals with the relationship
between BMI (body mass index) and traditional occupation and process of
adaptation among adult males of Central India. Anthropometric data collected by
the Anthropological Survey of India on stature, sitting height and weight of 6663
adult males belonging to 22 castes were used for computation of BMI and Cormic
index. The caste groups earning their living as labourers are found to be
shortest (157.4+/-6.5 cm), and the caste group practising priesthood are tallest
(168.6+/-6.6 cm). The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency is found to be
highest (72%) among castes earning their living as daily wage labourers. The
ANOVA on Cormic index and BMI suggests that people within the same occupational
group are more homogeneous than those from different occupational groups. The t
test also supports the homogeneity of the same occupational group.
PMID: 18088450 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
16. Hum Biol. 2007 Aug;79(4):395-412.
Prevalence and causes of chronic energy deficiency and obesity in Indian women.
Bharati S, Pal M, Bhattacharya BN, Bharati P.
Sociological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk
Road, Kolkata 700108, India.
We investigate the nutritional status of women in India and its relation to the
prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) and obesity. To do this, we have
used the data from the Indian National Family Health Survey, 1998-1999, on body
mass index (BMI) of ever-married women, ages 15-49 years, along with several
socioeconomic factors, such as level of education, religion or caste,
occupational status, and standard of living index. The study was based on 81,712
women from 26 states and 6 zones, which were grouped according to geographic
proximity of the states of India. A multiple linear regression analysis was done
to see the relation between nutritional status of women and different
socioeconomic factors. The data reveal that the prevalences of CED, overweight,
and obesity in India are 31.2%, 9.4%, and 2.6%, respectively. The incidences of
CED and obesity are negatively related. The prevalence of CED is the lowest in
Arunachal Pradesh and highest in Orissa. Punjab has the highest prevalence of
obesity, and Bihar has the lowest. For the zonewise distribution the Northeast
zone has the lowest degree of prevalence of CED and the East zone is at the
bottom of the list with the highest degree of malnutrition. We also found that
the nutritional status of women goes together with the enhancement of their
educational status, standard of living, and so on. There are also significant
differences between rural and urban sectors and among castes, religions, and
occupations. Furthermore, regression analysis shows that all the socioeconomic
variables considered here significantly affect BMI in Indian women.
PMID: 18075004 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17. Public Health Nutr. 2008 Aug;11(8):841-8. Epub 2007 Dec 6.
Dietary intake and different types of physical activity: full-day energy
expenditure, occupational and leisure-time.
Camões M, Lopes C.
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School,
Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal. mcamoes@med.up.pt
OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between dietary intake and different
levels and types of physical activity (PA). DESIGN: Cross-sectional evaluation of
the EPIPorto study. Energy expenditure (metabolic energy equivalent tasks) and
dietary intake during the past year were assessed using a PA questionnaire and a
semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, respectively. SETTING:
Representative sample of adults in Porto, Portugal. SUBJECTS: Data were analysed
for 2404 Portuguese Caucasian adults, aged between 18 and 92 years. RESULTS: For
total PA, males who were active had significantly higher mean intake of energy
(10.76 (2570.7) vs. 9.78 (2336.9) MJ/d (kcal/d), P < 0.001) and lower level of
protein consumption (16.9 vs. 17.6 % of energy, P < 0.001) compared with
sedentary males. In males, the association between total PA and energy intake
remained after adjustment for age, education and body mass index. Similar results
were observed when occupational activity was analysed. Concerning the energy
expended in leisure time, in both genders, after adjustment for the previously
described variables, a significant positive association was found between PA and
intake of vitamin C (g/d): beta = 0.12, 99 % confidence interval (CI) 0.02, 0.21
for females and beta = 0.13, 99 % CI 0.03, 0.22 for males. Leisure-time activity
in females was also positively associated with intakes of fibre, vitamin E,
folate, calcium and magnesium, and negatively associated with saturated fat.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of PA in leisure time were associated with higher
intakes of micronutrients and lower intakes of saturated fat, particularly in
females. For total and occupational PA, similar nutrient intake was observed
between active and sedentary individuals.
PMID: 18053293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
18. BMC Public Health. 2007 Oct 18;7:294.
Consistency between education reported in health survey and recorded in death
certificate.
Khang YH, Kim HR, Lynch JW.
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea. youngk@amc.seoul.kr
BACKGROUND: Education level is one indicator of socioeconomic position which, in
several countries including South Korea, is provided though death certificate
data. Its validity determines the usefulness of death certificate data for
exploring the association between socioeconomic position and mortality. This
study was to compare education recorded on the death certificate with that
reported before death in a nationally representative cohort of participants in
the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: The
1998/2001 NHANES data contained unique 13-digit personal identification numbers
that were individually linked to death certificate data from the Korean National
Statistical Office. Duration of mortality follow-up was 7.1 years. The data from
513 deaths were used to determine sensitivity and specificity of education in
death certificate and estimate agreement rates of education level between NHANES
data and death certificate data. Odds ratios for agreement in education were also
estimated. Covariates considered in the analyses were gender, age, duration
between NHANES and death, and cause of death. RESULTS: The proportion of deaths
without recorded education in death certificate was very low (0.2%). A total of
29.4% discordant pairs were found. Sensitivity and specificity for college or
higher education were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.71-0.97) and 0.99
(0.98-1.00). However, sensitivity was poor for middle school education. The
overall agreement rate was 70.7% (66.8%-74.6%) when education was categorized
into five groups and increased up to 88.9% (86.2%-91.6%) when three education
categories were used. The magnitude of validity and reliability for education did
not generally vary with age, duration between health survey and death, and cause
of death. However, a significantly smaller likelihood of agreement was found for
middle and elementary school education after adjusting for covariates.
CONCLUSION: Low percentage of missing information on education in South Korean
death certificate data could provide a great potential to monitor mortality
inequalities. A more collapsed categorization in education would be recommended
when a more definitive conclusion on educational mortality inequality is
required.
PMCID: PMC2175513
PMID: 17941999 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Nov;14(11):2080-8.
Converging prevalences of obesity across educational groups in Switzerland.
Wolff H, Delhumeau C, Beer-Borst S, Golay A, Costanza MC, Morabia A.
Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, 25 rue
Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. hans.wolff@hcuge.ch
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the rapid increase in obesity prevalence among
persons with higher education levels observed in one U.S. study is also observed
in a European adult population. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This study
involved continuous surveillance of the adult population of Geneva, Switzerland
(1993 to 2004), with annual random, independent, cross-sectional, representative
samples (6635 men and 6558 women, ages 35 to 74 years) and analysis of 12-year
trends in obesity prevalence across educational level subgroups. RESULTS: Obesity
prevalence in men had an upward trend in the medium education subgroup (p <
0.02), a borderline upward trend in the high education subgroup (p < 0.08), but
no trend in the low education subgroup. There was a borderline trend interaction
between the male low and medium education subgroups (p < 0.09). Obesity
prevalence in women had a borderline increase in the low education subgroup (p <
0.08), an almost borderline increase in the high education subgroup (p = 0.11),
but no significant trend in the medium education subgroup. There was no evidence
of trend interaction between the female education groups. DISCUSSION: In Geneva,
as in the United States, the inverse association between education level and
obesity rates has weakened over time among men, but, inconsistent with the U.S.
findings, has persisted for women. Explanations may include more physically
demanding occupations for men with low education levels and different attitudes
toward body image between the sexes.
PMID: 17135626 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
20. J Occup Environ Med. 2006 Nov;48(11):1143-8.
Is participation in occupational physical activity associated with lifestyle
physical activity levels?
Kruger J, Yore MM, Ainsworth BE, Macera CA.
Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. ezk0@cdc.gov
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the prevalence of lifestyle physical activity
(PA) by occupational PA (mostly sitting, walking, or heavy labor). METHODS:
Descriptive and adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis of lifestyle
PA (regularly active, irregularly active, inactive) and occupational activity was
used (N = 6,360). RESULTS: The prevalence of regular lifestyle activity was 45.7%
among those who sit/stand, 49.6% among walkers, and 59.7% among heavy laborers.
The regression analysis showed that adults working in heavy labor were almost
twice as likely to be regularly active as those who sit/stand. CONCLUSION:
Contrary to expectation, adults who engage in physically demanding work appear to
be more active outside the job. Those who are sedentary at work could benefit
from having access to opportunities for PA during the workday and trying to
engage in activity outside of work hours.
PMID: 17099450 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
21. J Rheumatol. 2006 Nov;33(11):2271-9. Epub 2006 Oct 1.
Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the United States: arthritis data from the
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1991-94.
Dillon CF, Rasch EK, Gu Q, Hirsch R.
Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Statistics, National Center for
Health Statistics, DHANES, 3311 Toledo Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA.
cid2@cdc.gov
Comment in:
J Rheumatol. 2006 Nov;33(11):2110-2.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the US national prevalence of tibiofemoral radiographic
knee osteoarthritis (RKOA) with and without symptoms, and its influence on
functional tasks. METHODS: Radiographic and interview data from the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a nationally representative
cross-sectional health examination survey, were used to estimate lifetime RKOA
prevalence in adults age 60 years and older. Demographic trends, self-reported
activity limitations, physical performance test results, and patterns of recent
analgesic use were analyzed. RESULTS: Among US adults, the prevalence of RKOA and
symptomatic RKOA was 37.4% and 12.1%, respectively. RKOA prevalence was greater
among women than men (42.1% vs 31.2%). Women had significantly more
Kellgren-Lawrence Grade 3-4 changes (12.9% vs 6.5% in men). However, symptomatic
RKOA prevalence did not differ by sex. Additionally, some 1.6% of US adults had
knee joint replacement. Multivariable analysis showed significantly higher odds
of both RKOA and symptomatic RKOA with greater body mass index (BMI > or = 30),
greater age, non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, and among men with manual labor
occupations. Only symptomatic RKOA was significantly associated with
self-reported activity limitations: difficulty walking, stooping, standing from a
seated position, and stair climbing. Adults with symptomatic RKOA used
significantly more assistive walking devices, had slower measured gait
velocities, and used significantly more prescription nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs and prescription narcotics, and nonprescription
acetaminophen. CONCLUSION: NHANES III data provide an overall national assessment
of the prevalence, demographic distributions, and functional impact of
symptomatic knee OA, which affects more than 1 in 10, or 4.3 million older US
adults.
PMID: 17013996 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22. N Z Med J. 2006 Aug 18;119(1240):U2127.
Dietary intakes by different markers of socioeconomic status: results of a New
Zealand workforce survey.
Metcalf P, Scragg R, Davis P.
Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland.
p.metcalf@auckland.ac.nz
AIM: To compare dietary nutrient and food group intakes of men and women in a
work force with various measures of socioeconomic status. METHODS: Daily nutrient
intakes were calculated from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire
from participants in a cross-sectional health screening survey of a multiracial
workforce carried out between May 1988 and April 1990. Participants comprised
5517 Maori, Pacific Island and Other workers (3997 men, 1520 women) aged 40 to 78
years. Socioeconomic measures included the New Zealand Socioeconomic Index
(NZSEI), gross household income and level of education. RESULTS: In general,
there were trends across socioeconomic status levels with lower NZSEI
occupational classes, lower family income, and non-tertiary education groups
having lower intakes of dietary fibre, calcium, and alcohol and higher intakes of
dietary cholesterol. These were reflected by their lower intakes of fruit,
vegetables, milk, cheese and wine, and higher intakes of eggs. However,
associations were not consistent across all measures of socioeconomic status.
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intakes showed a generally more adverse pattern in the lower
socioeconomic strata. NZSEI and education were associated with food group
selections, whereas nutrient intakes were associated with income. More money
available for food could improve nutrition. Public health programmes to improve
nutrition need to be targeted at these groups and be coupled with personal
support and structural changes that make "healthy choices the easy choices".
PMID: 16924278 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
23. J Prev Med Public Health. 2005 Nov;38(4):443-8.
[Reliability of education and occupational class: a comparison of health survey
and death certificate data]
[Article in Korean]
Kim HR, Khang YH.
Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Department of Preventive Medicine,
University of Ulsan College of Medicine.
OBJECTIVES: This study was done to evaluate the reliability of education and
occupational class between using the health survey and the death certificate
data. METHODS: The 1998 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
was conducted on a cross-sectional probability sample of South Korean households,
and it contained unique 13-digit personal identification numbers that were linked
to the data on mortality from the Korean National Statistical Office. The data
from 263 deaths were used to estimate the agreement rates and the Kappa indices
of the education and occupational class between using the NHANES data and the
death certificate data. RESULTS: The simple and weighted Kappa indices for
education were 0.60 (95% CI=0.53-0.68) and 0.73 (95% CI=0.67-0.79) respectively,
if the educational level was grouped into five categories: no-formal-education,
elementary-school, middle-school, high-school and college or over. The overall
agreement rate was 71.9% for these educational groups. The magnitude of
reliability, as measured by the overall agreement rates and Kappa indices, tended
to increase with a decrease in the educational class. The number of non-educated
people with using the death certificate data was smaller than that with using the
NHANES data. For the occupational class (manual workers, non-manual workers and
others), the Kappa index was 0.40 (95% CI=0.30-0.51), which was relatively lower
than that for the educational class. Compared with the NHANES, the number of
non-manual workers for the deceased who were aged 30-64 tended to be increased (8
to 12) when using the death certificate data, whereas the number of manual
workers tended to be decreased (59 to 41). CONCLUSIONS: The socioeconomic
inequalities in the mortality rates that were based on the previous unlinked
studies in South Korea were not due to a numerator/denominator bias. The
mortality rates for the manual workers and the no-education groups might have
been underestimated.
PMID: 16358831 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
24. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;26(4):246-51.
[Study on diet, physical activities and body mass index in Chinese population in
2002]
[Article in Chinese]
Yang GH, Ma JM, Liu N, Chen AP.
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of behavior on diet, physical activities
and body mass index (BMI) in different populations related to factors as
education, occupation and geographical distribution. METHODS: Indicators
including frequency of taking different foods, intake of cooking oil/fast foods,
intensities of physical activities at work, proportion of taking physical
exercises during the day, sedentary life style and BMI were calculated based on
results from 17 questions of behavior risk factors surveillance (BRFS)
questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census. RESULTS: Seventy
percentage of the people took vegetable and 40 percent took fruits 5-7 days per
week, and over 50 percent of them ate pork/beef/mutton but few of them ate beans
and eggs. 25 percent of the people ate chicken/duck/fish/and shrimps 5-7 times
per week but another 40 percent ate them only less then once per week. 70% of the
people almost never drank milk or milk-products. 15 percent of them consumed
sweet and greasy foods 3-7 days per week and 30 percent of them ate smoked food
3-7 days per week in the past 30 days. The proportions of food intake were
different under different geographical regions, education levels and occupations.
11.7% of the sample population cooked mainly with animal oil, and 33% of the
students had ever been to McDonald's. 11.7%, 20.5%, 44.7% and 23.0% of the
subjects engaged in sedentary, light, moderate or heavy physical activities
respectively. 18.04% of the subjects took part in physical exercises with
different proportions by gender, occupation, education and geographical settings.
8.3% people were slim which was defined as having BMI lower than 18.5 kg/m(2).
68.0% of the people had a BMI as 18.5-23.9 kg/m(2). 23.7% of the subjects were
being overweight which was defined as having BMI greater than 24 kg/m(2), among
which 8.5% people with a BMI of 24-24.9 kg/m(2). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of
overweight and obesity will increase in the next 20-30 years, with the habits of
taking more foods with high fat and energy but with less physical activities and
keeping the idea as "fattier makes happier". Priorities should be given to
changing the diet habit, avoiding over-intake of high fat and high energy plus
increasing physical activities through publicity of knowledge on health, policy
enforcement and development of supportive environment.
PMID: 15941528 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
25. Obes Res. 2004 Dec;12(12):1914-20.
Epidemiology of overweight and obesity in a Greek adult population: the ATTICA
Study.
Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Risvas G, Kontogianni MD, Zampelas A,
Stefanadis C.
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
d.b.panagiotakos@usa.net
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of overweight and obesity in a Greek random
sample. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: From 2001 to 2002, 1514 men (20 to 87
years old) and 1528 women (20 to 89 years old) were enrolled into the study.
Among several sociodemographic, lifestyle, and bioclinical factors,
anthropometric characteristics were also recorded. Overweight and obesity were
defined according to the World Health Organization classification. RESULTS: The
prevalences of overweight and obesity were 53% and 20% in men and 31% and 15% in
women (p for gender differences < 0.05). The age-adjusted peak prevalence of
obesity was observed in men older than 40 years old and women between 50 and 59
years old (Bonferonni alpha < 0.001). Central obesity prevailed in 36% of men and
43% of women (p for gender differences < 0.001). Obesity varied from 10% in rural
to 25% in urban areas, but this difference was explained mainly by differences in
occupational status (p = 0.9). Moreover, obese and overweight participants were
older, less educated, more frequently sedentary, consumed higher quantities of
alcoholic beverages, and were devoted to an unhealthier diet as compared with
those of normal weight (all p < 0.05). A positive association was also observed
between BMI and diastolic and systolic blood pressures, total cholesterol,
triglycerides, and glucose levels (all p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Overweight and
obesity seem to be a great health problem in the Greek population, especially in
middle-aged and older adults. Unfavorable lifestyle habits, low education, and
the classical cardiovascular risk factors were associated with the prevalence of
these health conditions.
PMID: 15687390 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
26. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;59(2):185-95.
Socio-demographic inequalities in the diets of mid-aged Australian women.
Mishra G, Ball K, Patterson A, Brown W, Hodge A, Dobson A.
MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK. Gita.Mishra@mrc-hnr.cam.ac.uk
OBJECTIVES: This study reports on the distributions of food and nutrient intakes
by socio-demographic factors for a large population sample of mid-aged Australian
women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.
DESIGN: This cross-sectional population-based study used the Cancer Council of
Victoria food frequency questionnaires to derive estimates of food and nutrient
intakes. SETTING: Nationwide community-based survey. SUBJECTS: A total of 10561
women aged 50-55 y, at the time of the survey in 2001. RESULTS: Analysis showed
favourable patterns of food intake, with frequent consumption of many foods that
are promoted as components of a healthy diet (eg, fresh fruit, leafy green and
other vegetables, bread, cereals, milk and meat). Intakes of both foods and
nutrients varied significantly across socio-demographic groups, with unmarried
women, and women in 'labouring' occupations (eg, cleaner, factory worker,
kitchenhand) having poorer nutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: Although many mid-aged
women in this sample had generally healthful diets, women in certain
socio-demographic groups (particularly unmarried women and those in labouring
occupations) had nutrient intakes of concern. As well as helping to address the
dearth of current data on dietary intakes in the Australian population, the
results highlight the need for continued targeted public health strategies aimed
at improving diet of women from the various socio-economic backgrounds.
PMID: 15483637 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
27. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(5):395-9.
Macronutrient intakes of elderly in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence
Study.
Anderson JJ, Suchindran CM, Kritchevsky SB, Barrett-Connor E.
Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center and Department of Nutrition, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA.
As part of the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Program Prevalence Study of coronary
heart disease risk factors, nutrient intakes of two US populations over 59 years
of age were determined by 24-hour recalls in the 1970s. Characteristics of the
populations were (1) California: suburban, upper-middle class, 95% high school
graduates, 10% blue collar occupations; (2) Oklahoma: rural lower-middle class,
75% high school graduates, and 40% blue-collar occupations. Macronutrients
consumed by both populations were similar, except for alcohol. For both men and
women, energy intake was approximately 25 kcal/kg/day (body weight) sources of
energy were approximately 40% from carbohydrate, 16% from protein, 37% from fat,
and 4% from alcohol. The Oklahoma population, however, consumed significantly
less alcohol than did Californians. Percentages of calories from fatty acids were
approximately 14% from saturated and 6% from polyunsaturated, which yielded a
polyunsaturated: saturated ratio of 0.48. The intake of cholesterol for women was
190 mg/1000 kcal and for men, 210 mg/1000 kcal. Between the ages of 60 and 69,
the Oklahoma men consumed more energy than did the California men. Both sexes
demonstrated lower energy intakes with advancing age and with increasing body
mass index. The higher energy intake of the Oklahoma cohort aged 60-69 was
attributed to the greater physical demands of their occupations, but this
difference disappeared after age 70. The California and Oklahoma women had
similar caloric intakes beyond age 60. In summary, the LRC findings suggest that
geographically diverse American populations consumed in the late 1970s remarkably
similar intakes of macronutients and cholesterol, with the only major exception
being energy from alcoholic beverages.
PMID: 15359359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
28. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2004 Oct;77(7):491-8. Epub 2004 Aug 21.
Comparison of 1-hydroxypyrene exposure in the US population with that in
occupational exposure studies.
Huang W, Grainger J, Patterson DG Jr, Turner WE, Caudill SP, Needham LL, Pirkle
JL, Sampson EJ.
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE , Mailstop F-47, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
Wfh7@cdc.gov
Urine samples collected in 1999 and 2000 as part of the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed for 14 monohydroxy polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and, for the first time, reference range values
were calculated for these metabolites in the US population. Pyrene is a major
component of most PAH mixtures and often is used as a surrogate for total PAH
exposure. We detected 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHpyrene), a metabolite of pyrene, in
more than 99% of the samples. The overall geometric mean concentration for
1-OHpyrene in the USA was 79.8 ng/l, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of
69.0-92.2 ng/l. The overall geometric mean creatinine-adjusted urinary 1-OHpyrene
levels in the USA was 74.2 ng/g creatinine (0.039 micromol/mol), with a 95% CI of
64.1-85.9 ng/g creatinine (0.034-0.046 micromol/mol). There were no statistically
significant differences among age, gender, or race/ethnicity groups. Adult
smokers in the USA have urinary 1-OHpyrene levels three times higher than those
of non-smokers. This difference was statistically significant. In this paper, we
compare the reference range of urinary 1-OHpyrene levels with levels reported
from various occupations by other researchers.
PMID: 15322857 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29. Am J Ind Med. 2004 Aug;46(2):126-35.
Airflow obstruction attributable to work in industry and occupation among U.S.
race/ethnic groups: a study of NHANES III data.
Hnizdo E, Sullivan PA, Bang KM, Wagner G.
Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West
Virginia 26505, USA. exh6@cdc.gov
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the fraction of airflow obstruction attributable to
workplace exposure by U.S. race/ethnic group. METHODS: U.S. population-based
third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) data on 4,086
Caucasians, 2,774 African-Americans, and 2,568 Mexican-Americans, aged 30-75,
were studied. Airflow obstruction was defined as FEV1/FVC<75% and FEV1<80%
predicted. Weighted prevalence, and prevalence odds ratios (OR) adjusted for the
effect of age, smoking status, pack-years, body mass index, education, and
socio-economic status were estimated using SUDAAN software. RESULTS: Industries
with the most cases of airflow obstruction attributable to workplace exposure
include: armed forces; rubber, plastics, and leather manufacturing; utilities;
textile mill manufacturing; health care; food products manufacturing; sales;
construction; and agriculture. The fraction of cases with airflow obstruction
associated with work in industry varied by race/ethnic group and was estimated as
22.2% (95% CI 9.1-33.4) among Caucasians, 23.4% (95% CI 2.2-40.0) among
African-Americans, and 49.6% (32.1-62.6) among Mexican-Americans. CONCLUSIONS:
This study found differences in the fraction of airflow obstruction cases
associated with employment pattern among major U.S. race/ethnic population
groups.
PMID: 15273964 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
30. J Occup Environ Med. 2004 Jul;46(7):720-8.
Blood lead levels in U.S. workers, 1988-1994.
Yassin AS, Martonik JF, Davidson JL.
Office of Evaluations and Audit Analysis, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC, USA.
yassin.abdiaziz@dol.gov
Limited research has been conducted to measure the association between elevated
blood lead levels and sociodemographic factors among U.S. workers in various
industries and occupations using population-based survey data. Data from the
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( n = 10,127) were used to
determine the blood lead levels in the U.S. workers. The prevalence of elevated
blood lead levels > or = 50 microg/dL was 0.001% (1560) among U.S. workers
compared with 0.2% (19,953) workers with elevated lead levels > or = 40
microg/dL. Regression analyses indicated that workers in the repair service
industry were correlated with higher blood lead levels than those workers in the
construction industry. Although low blood lead levels were found for the entire
working population, the results showed that there were still high blood lead
levels in certain occupations and industries during 1988 to 1994.
PMID: 15247812 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
31. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004 May;1(5):324-33.
Urinary cadmium levels in the U S working population, 1988-1994.
Yassin AS, Martonik JF.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), United States Department of
Labor, Washington, D C 20210, USA. yassin.abdiaziz@dol.gov
Few studies have estimated the prevalence and mean urinary cadmium levels in U.S.
workers and the factors associated with high cadmium exposure. In this study,
urinary cadmium measurements were obtained on 11228 U.S. workers aged 18 to 64
years who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994). Urinary cadmium levels ranged from 0.01 to 15.57
microg/L, with a geometric mean of 0.30 microg/L (0.28 microg/g creatinine) for
all U.S. workers. The prevalence of urinary cadmium levels >or=5 microg/L was
0.42% (551000) for U.S. workers aged 18 to 64 years. Among U.S. workers in the
metal industry (two-digit Standard Industrial Classification or SIC codes 33 and
34), the geometric mean urinary cadmium level was 0.48 microg/L (0.39 microg/g
creatinine), and 0.45% of these workers had urinary cadmium levels >or=10
microg/L. The prevalence of urinary cadmium levels >or=15 microg/L was 0.0028%
(3907). The agriculture industry (two-digit SIC codes 01, 02, and 07-09) was
associated with low urinary cadmium levels, compared with repair services
industries (two-digit SIC codes 75 and 76). Results from ordinary least squares
regression analyses indicated that smokers had significantly higher urinary
cadmium levels than nonsmokers (p or =12 years, 17,658 (65%) had
sera tested. The overall age-adjusted seroprevalence was 22.5% (95% confidence
interval (CI): 21.1, 23.9); among women aged 15-44 years, seroprevalence was
15.0% (95% CI: 13.2, 17.0). Age-adjusted seroprevalence was higher in the
Northeast (29.2%) than in the South (22.8%), Midwest (20.5%), or West (17.5%) (p
< 0.05). In multivariate analysis, risk for T. gondii infection increased with
age and was higher among persons who were foreign-born, persons with a lower
educational level, those who lived in crowded conditions, and those who worked in
soil-related occupations, although in subset analyses risk categories varied by
race/ethnicity. Nearly one quarter of adults and adolescents in the United States
have been infected with T. gondii. Most women of childbearing age in the United
States are susceptible to acute infection and should be educated about ways to
minimize exposure to T. gondii.
PMID: 11495859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
48. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001;8(1):57-62.
Is there a territorial differentiation in the prevalence of peptic ulcer among
rural population in Poland?
Schabowski J.
Clinic for Internal and Occupational Diseases, Institute of Agricultural
Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, P.O. Box 185, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
schabow@galen.imw.lublin.pl
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of peptic ulcer among rural
population in various regions of Poland and to analyse the conditions influencing
the prevalence of the disease. For organizational reasons, the division of the
territory of Poland into eight regions was adopted for the study. The study
covered a representative group of 6,512 rural inhabitants, comprising 3,107 males
(47.7%) and 3405 women (52.3%), aged 20-64, selected by two-stage stratified
sampling. At the first stage of the study all health centres (3,286) were
classified into 150 groups and in each group two prevention-treatment regions
were selected by means of stratified sampling. The second-stage samples were
selected based on communes where the health centres classified for the study were
located. People selected for the study were subject to examinations which
covered: a specially designed questionnaire form, detailed physical examination,
and the necessary specialist tests. The obtained results were recorded in a
questionnaire form, which additionally contained questions concerning detailed
demographic and social data, hazardous factors present in the working
environment, as well as data pertaining to housing conditions, nutrition and
habits. Among the rural population under study, peptic ulcer was found in 8.0% of
males and 2.9% of females, gastric ulcer was observed in 1.2% of people under
study, duodenal ulcer - in 3.2%, gastric and duodenal ulcer - in 0.2%, whereas
patients who underwent surgical procedures due to peptic ulcer constituted 0.7%
of respondents. Territorial differences were noted in the prevalence of peptic
ulcer among Polish rural population. The highest peptic ulcer incidence rates
were observed in Macroregion I (western Poland) - where the disease was diagnosed
in 7.2% of people under study (Northern Region - 8.1%, Southern Region - 7.4%,
and South-Western Region - 6.4%), while the lowest rates were noted in
Macroregion II (central and eastern Poland), where peptic ulcer occurred among
4.7% of respondents (South-Eastern Region - 4.4%, North-Eastern Region - 4.5%,
Middle-Eastern Region - 4.7%, Middle- Western Region - 4.8%, and Central Region -
5.1%). In regions where the highest incidence rates were noted, the greatest
numbers of divorcees, widows and widowers were observed. An analysis by
occupational groups showed that in these regions there were more unskilled and
skilled workers, employees of services, and the largest number of people
performed non-agricultural occupations. Cigarette smoking habit was also more
prevalent in these regions.
PMID: 11426926 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
49. Int J Epidemiol. 2001 Apr;30(2):334-40.
Diet and socioeconomic position: does the use of different indicators matter?
Galobardes B, Morabia A, Bernstein MS.
Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
bruna.galobardes@hcuge.ch
OBJECTIVES: To describe the association of diet and socioeconomic position and to
assess whether two different indicators, education and occupation, independently
contribute in determining diet. METHODS: A community-based random sample of men
and women residents of Geneva canton, aged 35 to 74, participated in a survey of
cardiovascular risk factors conducted annually since 1993. Lifetime occupational
and educational history and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire were
obtained from 2929 men and 2767 women. RESULTS: Subjects from lower education
and/or occupation consumed less fish and vegetables but more fried foods, pasta
and potatoes, table sugar and beer. Iron, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin D intake
were lower in the lower educational and occupational groups. Both indicators
significantly contributed to determining a less healthy dietary pattern for those
from low social class. The effects of education and occupation on dietary habits
were usually additive and synergistic for some food groups. CONCLUSION: Assessing
both education and occupation, improves the description of social class
inequalities in dietary habits, as they act, most of the time, as independent
factors.
PMID: 11369739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
50. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 May;25(5):606-12.
Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and occupational activity to the
prevalence of obesity.
King GA, Fitzhugh EC, Bassett DR Jr, McLaughlin JE, Strath SJ, Swartz AM,
Thompson DL.
Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, The University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. gking@utep.edu
OBJECTIVE: To assess the interaction between leisure-time physical activity
(LTPA) and occupational activity (OA) on the prevalence of obesity. DESIGN:
Secondary data analysis of a population based cross-sectional US national sample
(NHANES III). SUBJECTS: A total of 4889 disease-free, currently employed adults
over age 20 y. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects body mass index (BMI) was categorized as
(1) obese (BMI> or =30 kg/m(2)), or (2) non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m(2)). LTPA was
divided into four categories: (1) no LTPA; (2) irregular LTPA; (3) regular
moderate intensity LTPA; and (4) regular vigorous intensity LTPA. OA was grouped
as (1) high OA and (2) low OA. Age, gender, race-ethnicity, smoking status,
urbanization classification, alcohol consumption and income were statistically
controlled. RESULTS: In all, 16.8% (s.e. 0.7) of the total subject population
were obese (15.1% (s.e. 1.1) of men and 19.1% (s.e. 1.1) of women). Logistic
regression revealed that compared to those who engage in no LTPA and have low
levels of OA, the likelihood of being obese is 42% (95% CI 0.35, 0.96) lower for
those who engage in no LTPA and have high OA, 48% (95% CI 0.32, 0.83) lower for
those who have irregular LTPA and have high levels of OA, and about 50% lower for
all those who have regular LTPA through moderate or vigorous activity levels
regardless of OA level. CONCLUSION: When considering disease free adults above 20
y of age employed in high and low activity occupations, a high level of
occupational activity is associated with a decreased likelihood of being obese.
PMID: 11360141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
51. Soc Sci Med. 2001 Feb;52(3):429-39.
Health and cultural factors associated with enrolment in basic education: a study
in rural Ghana.
Fentiman A, Hall A, Bundy D.
Partnership for Child Development, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of
Infectious Disease, Oxford University, UK. atj1@cus.cam.ac.uk
This inter-disciplinary study compares the health status of school-age children
in Ghana, both enrolled and non-enrolled, and examines these results within a
wider socio-economic and socio-cultural context including kinship and livelihood.
Children matched for age and sex who were not enrolled in Primary School were
significantly shorter and more stunted than enrolled children were, and 70% of
all Primary school-age children were anaemic. Young children from farming
communities were significantly more undernourished than children from fishing
communities. Adolescent non-enrolled boys were more heavily infected with
Schistosoma haematobium, and were more likely to be anaemic than enrolled
adolescent boys. The data indicate how health and health related factors may
influence and affect enrolment and how socio-economic indicators, livelihood, and
kinship may also constrain enrolment and, in turn, affect child health. This
study sheds light on the complex factors that may influence enrolment in
education and provides novel data on the similarities and differences between the
health of enrolled and non-enrolled children in rural Ghana.
PMID: 11330777 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
52. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Mar 15;153(6):515-22.
Latex sensitization in health care workers and in the US general population.
Garabrant DH, Roth HD, Parsad R, Ying GS, Weiss J.
Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, University of Michigan School
of Public Health and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
48109-2029, USA. dhg@umich.edu
Comment in:
Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Jul 15;154(2):190-1.
Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Mar 15;153(6):523-6; discussion 527-8.
Sensitization to natural rubber latex is a prerequisite to type I immediate
hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, and allergic
rhinitis) that result from subsequent latex exposure. This study examines
occupations in which latex glove use is common to determine whether it is
associated with increased prevalence odds of latex sensitization (measured by
latex-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies) by using data from 5,512 adults aged
17--60 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(1988--1991). After other factors associated with latex sensitization were
controlled for, there was a nonsignificant association between longest-held jobs
in health care and latex sensitization (odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95 percent
confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 2.40). For current occupations, latex
sensitization was not associated with health care work in which gloves were used
(OR = 1.17, 95 percent CI: 0.51, 2.65) or with other occupations in which latex
glove use is common (OR = 1.01, 95 percent CI: 0.49, 2.07) compared with other
occupations. Current health care workers who reported not using gloves were at
increased risk of latex sensitization, both among those without a history of
childhood atopy (OR = 2.30, 95 percent CI: 1.04, 5.13) and those with such a
history (OR = 28.04, 95 percent CI: 3.64, 215.97). This odds ratio heterogeneity
suggests that subjects with childhood atopy may be at high risk of latex
sensitization.
PMID: 11257057 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
53. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Dec;24(12):1669-76.
Age, education and occupation as determinants of trends in body mass index in
Finland from 1982 to 1997.
Lahti-Koski M, Vartiainen E, Männistö S, Pietinen P.
Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
Marjaana.Lahti-Koski@ktl.fi
OBJECTIVE: To investigate trends in body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of
obesity among adults in Finland from 1982 to 1997, and to identify population
groups with increasing obesity. SUBJECTS: Random samples from the national
population register including men and women aged 25-64 y (n = 24604, total).
DESIGN: Four cross-sectional surveys carried out in three areas in Finland every
fifth year since 1982. MEASUREMENTS: Weight and height were measured, and data on
occupation and education level were collected by a self-administered
questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean BMI increased in both genders. In men, the
upward trend was greatest (the increase of 1.3 kg/m2 in 15 y) in the oldest age
group (55-64 y), and was found also (the increase of 0.6 kg/m2) in the youngest
age group (25-34 y), whereas in women, the upward trend was most prominent (the
increase of 0.9 kg/m2) in the youngest age group. BMI increased in all
educational groups in men, but in women the upward trend seemed to be greatest in
the lowest educational group. The upward trends were most prominent among retired
and unemployed men, while in women changes in BMI were similar in all
occupational groups. CONCLUSION: The strongest upward trend in BMI was found in
the oldest men, in the youngest age group in both genders and, in particular,
among men who were outside the labor force. Education is still a strong
determinant of obesity, especially in women, although the social gradient in BMI
has not widened in the 1990s.
PMID: 11126222 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
54. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Nov;48(11):1501-6.
Lead toxicity in older adults.
Vig EK, Hu H.
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Recent studies have shown that lead, even at relatively low levels of exposure,
has the potential to harm not only the young and the occupationally-exposed, but
also older people. Because they have been alive for a longer period of time,
older adults have had more potential exposures to lead. They may have been
exposed to lead while working in unregulated occupations, or they may have
encountered more lead in the environment on a daily basis. Several large
epidemiological studies have found that older people have higher blood and bone
lead levels than younger adults. Additionally, sporadic clusters of acute lead
exposure among older adults as a result of activities such as ceramic glaze hobby
work and consumption of moonshine whiskey continue to be reported. After lead
enters the body, it circulates in the blood reaching the soft tissues and bone.
Researchers have learned that lead can hibernate within bone for decades.
Although lead within bone is of uncertain toxicity to bone tissue, conditions of
bone resorption, such as osteoporosis, can cause bone lead to reenter the
bloodstream where it can then re-expose the soft tissue, and, potentially, exert
delayed deleterious effects. Evidence is emerging that blood and bone lead
levels, reflecting relatively modest exposures, are associated with hypertension,
renal insufficiency, and cognitive impairment. Medical treatments that now exist
to slow the rate of bone resorption may maintain lead within bones. On-going
studies evaluating the relationship between body lead stores and both cognitive
and renal impairment, as well as the potential modifying effect of bone
resorption, will help determine whether bone resorption should be retarded
specifically to preserve organ function. Physicians should be aware of potential
past and present lead exposures among their older patients. Ongoing lead exposure
should be prevented. In the future, treatment of osteoporosis may be undertaken
not only to improve bone health but also to prevent mobilization of bone lead
stores and subsequent toxicity.
PMID: 11083332 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
55. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:461-4.
Morbidity and health--National Health Interview Survey, 1987. In generalized
additive models.
Norris JC, van der Laan M, Block G.
Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California 94704-1104, USA. jcnorris@phi.org
PMID: 10681951 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
56. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Dec;31(12):1821-7.
Prevalence of physical inactivity and its relation to social class in U.S.
adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
1988-1994.
Crespo CJ, Ainsworth BE, Keteyian SJ, Heath GW, Smit E.
American University, Department of Health and Fitness, Washington, DC 20016-8037,
USA. crespoc@american.edu
PURPOSE: This study examines the prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure
time in a national representative sample of U.S. adults. METHODS: Data were
obtained from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
conducted between 1988 and 1994. A total of 18,825 adults aged 20 yr and older
participated in a home interview where information about physical activity,
education, income, occupation, employment, and labor force participation was
obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of physical inactivity among U.S. adults was
23%, with more women (28%) than men (17%) reporting being inactive during their
leisure time. Additionally, inactivity is more common among in social class such
as persons who are less educated, living below the poverty line, living in
households with income below 20,000 dollars, and who are retired. In every
category of social class, women experienced a higher prevalence of physical
inactivity than men. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that social class is associated
with physical inactivity and that more research is needed to better understand
the effect that other social and environmental factors have on sedentary
behaviors in our society.
PMID: 10613434 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
57. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 1999 Jun;9(3):125-32.
Modifiable risk factor levels of coronary heart disease survivors in a
middle-aged workforce.
Metcalf PA, Scragg RK, Swinburn B.
Department of Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New
Zealand.
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is common in New Zealand. Risk
factors for CHD are modifiable or non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factor levels
of CHD survivors were compared with those without such a history (non-CHD).
METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants were from a cross-sectional survey of 5,656
workers aged > or = 40. CHD survivors were 73 general practitioner (GP)-confirmed
participants with a history of hospitalisation for CHD. There were no significant
differences in mean blood pressure levels between CHD survivors and non-CHD
workers after adjusting for age, gender and ethnicity, but current use of
antihypertensive medications was higher in CHD survivors (34.2%) than non-CHD
workers (8.1%); p < 0.001. CHD survivors had higher, similarly adjusted, mean
serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol levels, and their
reported carbohydrate, fibre, polyunsaturated fat intakes and ratio of
polyunsaturated to saturated fat intakes were higher and total fat, saturated fat
and monounsaturated fat intakes were lower. CHD survivors ate fewer servings of
red meats per month and more servings of fruit, and cereal, and number of cups of
milk. Salt added to meals was lower and margarine use higher in CHD survivors.
There were no significant differences in the proportions of those who exercised
regularly, or were current cigarette smokers. However, more CHD survivors (57.5%)
than non-CHD workers (33.1%) were ex-smokers p < 0.001, who had stopped smoking
at a higher mean (se) age (41.1 (1.36) vs 37.6 (0.20) years respectively; p =
0.012). CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of CHD survivors were dyslipidaemic,
despite consuming a lower fat, higher fibre and carbohydrate diet. More than 50%
of CHD survivors were ex-cigarette smokers, who had given up smoking at a later
age than non-CHD workers. These high-risk CHD survivors would benefit from more
aggressive measures aimed at correcting their dyslipidaemias.
PMID: 10464785 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
58. Stud Fam Plann. 1998 Dec;29(4):373-87.
Looking locally at China's one-child policy.
Short SE, Fengying Z.
Department of Sociology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
Of all the reforms and policies set in motion in the early 1980s in China, the
one-child policy has been called the most far-reaching in its implications for
China's population and economic development. Almost two decades later, little is
known about what the policy looks like across local neighborhoods and villages.
To sketch a more general picture of the one-child policy, this article presents
panel data from three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1989, 1991,
and 1993) collected in 167 communities in eight provinces. Local policy,
including policy strength and policy incentives and disincentives, is detailed
separately for urban and rural areas. These data confirm that no single one-child
policy exists; policy varied considerably from place to place and within
individual communities during the 1989-93 period.
PIP: China's 1-child policy was introduced in 1979, giving incentives to couples
who pledged to have only 1 child, and penalizing couples who bore three or more
births. Second births were discouraged, but not penalized. However, in 1981 and
1982, in urban and then rural areas, policy changed to forbid second births
except under extraordinary circumstances. By 1983, mandatory IUD insertions,
abortions, and sterilizations were reported. Policy, however, eased in 1984 and
further during the late 1980s. China's 1-child policy will have a major long-term
impact upon the country's population and economic development. Panel data are
presented from the 1989, 1991, and 1993 waves of the China Health and Nutrition
Survey conducted in 167 communities in 8 provinces. Local policy, including
policy strength, incentives, and disincentives, is described separately for urban
and rural areas. The data indicate that no single 1-child policy exists. Rather,
policy varied considerably from place to place and within individual communities
during 1989-93.
PMID: 9919631 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
59. Popul Trends. 1998 Winter;(94):35-41.
Longitudinal study of socio-economic differences in the incidence of stomach,
colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
Brown J, Harding S, Bethune A, Rosato M.
Using the ONS Longitudinal Study, the incidence of stomach, colorectal and
pancreatic cancers from 1976-90 was examined for men and women aged 30 years and
over by their housing tenure and occupational social class. Large socio-economic
differences in the incidence of stomach cancer for both men and women were found.
The pattern of colorectal cancer was less clear, with women in more advantaged
social groups experiencing higher incidence while for men there was no
significant association. Pancreatic cancer showed no association with
socio-economic status. Consistent findings with each indicator strengthen the
interpretation of the results. Risk factors for these cancers are known to vary
by socio-economic status, and this study demonstrates the importance of continued
monitoring of the distribution of cancer incidence.
PMID: 9885835 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
60. Acta Med Austriaca. 1998;25(2):69-71.
[Different occupational groups of women and selected nutrition-related risk
factors for osteoporosis]
[Article in German]
Rásky E, Freidl W, Schmeiser-Rieder A, Scheuringer C, Stronegger WJ.
Institut für Sozialmedizin, Universität Graz. eva.rasky@kfunigraz.ac.at
This paper studies the prevalence of risk factors considered responsible for
osteoporosis in women of 4 occupational groups: farmers, blue collar workers,
white collar workers/civil servants and housewives. We analyzed nutritional
factors associated with osteoporosis in the scientific literature. The total
sample comprises of 2185 individuals of which 658 women were taken into the
analyses. The data set was based on a health survey conducted in 10 selected
rural communities of Styria in Austria between 1995 and 1996. Sociodemographic
data, lifestyles, internal and external resources as well as indicators off
ill-health were surveyed through standardized personal interviews. The results
show that the women of the 4 occupational groups were differently strained
regarding nutritional risk factors. Our results suggest that efficient
intervention programs to prevent osteoporosis need to specifically focus on the
various life contexts of women.
PMID: 9681047 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
61. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1997 Sep-Oct;92(5):707-15.
Factors involved in Schistosoma mansoni infection in rural areas of northeast
Brazil.
Coutinho EM, Abath FG, Barbosa CS, Domingues AL, Melo MC, Montenegro SM, Lucena
MA, Romani SA, Souza WV, Coutinho AD.
Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ,
Recife, PE, Brasil.
Two contiguous villages in Tracunhaém county (State of Pernambuco), endemic for
schistosomiasis, were studied: Itapinassu (138 inhabitants) and São Joaquim (91
inhabitants). Agriculture predominates in the former region while ceramics is the
main activity in the latter. Although no statistical difference was found
regarding prevalence, severe infection (> 400 epg) predominated in Itapinassu,
probably related to the kind of occupation. No association was found between
parasite burden and severity of disease, in spite of the high infection rates for
Schistosoma mansoni in both communities (approx. 60%). Typical epidemiological
features of schistosomiasis such as age-related prevalences and intensities of
infection (high in children, low in adults) were also mutual characteristics.
Nutritional status determined through anthropometric evaluation was carried out
by measuring specific anthropometric indicators. A deficit of energy intake, as
well as vitamin A and riboflavin deficiencies were detected. The prevalence of
moderate or severe undernutrition in patients under 18 years old was 21.9% in
Itapinassu and 24.1% in São Joaquim. In this group an association was found
between prevalence of schistosomiasis and chronic undernutrition. Similarly, for
patients over 18 year old the prevalence of undernutrition was higher than 20%.
However, in this case no association between nutritional status and either
prevalence of schistosomiasis or parasite burden could be detected. The two
communities had not been treated for eight years.
PIP: Patterns of schistosomiasis infection were compared in two contiguous
endemic villages in Northeast Brazil's Tracunhaem County (Pernambuco State):
Itapinassu (138 inhabitants) and Sao Joaquim (91 inhabitants). The overall
prevalence of schistosomiasis in Tracunhaem State was 58.7%; this rate was 61.6%
in Itapinassu and 54.2% in Sao Joaquim. Severe infection (400 epg) was more
prevalent in Itapinassu (35.1%) than Sao Joaquim (13.3%) and ultrasound revealed
more severe pathologic changes (e.g., periportal fibrosis, right liver lobe
shrinkage, left lobe and spleen enlargement) in the former village. The higher
prevalence of severe infection in Itapinassu is likely related to the
predominance of agricultural occupations; in Sao Joaquim, most residents are
engaged in ceramics. Schistosomiasis prevalence was significantly positively
associated with increasing age, male sex, residence in the village for more than
5 years, daily water contact, fishing, laundering, less than a 10 m distance from
an infected stream, lack of cesspools, and chronic undernutrition. A deficit of
energy intake, as well as vitamin A and riboflavin deficiencies, was detected in
both villages. The role of each of these factors (especially nutritional status)
will be analyzed further in order to develop an integrated model for local
control of the disease.
PMID: 9566243 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
62. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Oct;51(10):698-702.
Vitamin A deficiency among adolescent female garment factory workers in
Bangladesh.
Ahmed F, Hasan N, Kabir Y.
Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among adolescent
female factory workers in Bangladesh, and examine the association between various
factors and vitamin A status. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Garment
factories in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and eighty eight
adolescent girls aged 12-19 y from ten garment factories were selected randomly
for the present study. Information on socio-economic conditions and usual pattern
of dietary intake were obtained by interview. Anthropometric data and blood
samples were collected following the interview. RESULTS: By NCHS reference
standard, 15.5% of the participants were thin (< 90% Wt/Ht) and about 7%
overweight (> 120% Wt/Ht). In about 56%, serum vitamin A level was below the
adequate level of 1.05 mumol/l, with 14% having vitamin A deficiency (< 0.70
mumol/l). Forty four per cent of the participants were found to be anaemic
(haemoglobin < 120 g/l). Food frequency data on vitamin A rich foods revealed
that a large percentage of the participants do not take eggs (41%), milk (64%),
liver (85%) and sweet pumpkin (85%); while about 40% of the girls take dark green
leafy vegetables (DGLV) and 17% take small fish at least four servings a week.
The girls who consumed four or more servings per week of DGLV had significantly
higher serum vitamin A level than the girls who took three servings or less.
There was a significant positive association between the level of serum vitamin A
and frequency of intake of DGLV (r = 0.12; P = 0.023). When age, level of
education, percapita income, haemoglobin concentration, serum protein
concentration, menstruation at the time of blood collection, prevalence of
current morbidity, frequency of intake of egg, milk, small fish, DGLV, liver and
sweet pumpkin were accounted for by multiple regression analysis, a strong
relationship was found for serum vitamin A concentration with age, menstruation,
haemoglobin level and frequency of intake of DGLV. For every unit change in the
frequency of consumption of DGLV, there was 0.013 mumol/l change in serum vitamin
A level whilst taking other factors into account. CONCLUSION: The data show that
there is a high prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency among the
adolescent female garment factory workers in Bangladesh, although the
anthropometric indices suggest that they do not suffer from acute under
nutrition. Consumption of DGLV appears to have an important relation with the
vitamin A status of these girls.
PIP: A cross-sectional study of 388 adolescent girls 12-19 years of age employed
in garment factories in Dhaka, Bangladesh, revealed a high prevalence of
subclinical vitamin A deficiency despite a lack of anthropometric evidence of
acute undernutrition. Only 15.5% of participants were classified as thin (under
90% weight-for-height by US National Center for Health Statistics reference
standards). Mean hemoglobin concentration was 119.7 g/l (range, 74-157 g/l).
Assuming a cut-off point of under 120 g/l, 44% of these young women were anemic.
The average serum vitamin A concentration was 1.04 mcgmol/l (range, 0.31-2.47
mcgmol/l); 56.2% of girls had a low (under 1.05 mcgmol/l) serum vitamin A level
and 14.2% were vitamin A deficient (under 0.70 mcgmol/l). Mean frequencies of
intake of egg, milk, small fish, and dark green leafy vegetables were 1.3, 0.8,
2.1, and 3.4 servings per week, respectively. 85% did not eat any liver or sweet
pumpkin in the week preceding the interview. Serum vitamin A was significantly
lower among participants who consumed less than 4 servings of milk and/or dark
green leafy vegetables per week than among those who consumed 4 or more servings
of these foods. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that age,
menstruation, hemoglobin concentration, and frequency of intake of dark green
leafy vegetables were significantly independently related to serum vitamin A
level. For every unit change in the frequency of consumption of dark green leafy
vegetables, there was a 0.013 mcgmol/l change in serum vitamin A level.
PMID: 9347291 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
63. Metabolism. 1997 Jun;46(6):625-33.
Prospective 10-year evaluation of hypobetalipoproteinemia in a cohort of 772
firefighters and cross-sectional evaluation of hypocholesterolemia in 1,479 men
in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I.
Glueck CJ, Kelley W, Gupta A, Fontaine RN, Wang P, Gartside PS.
Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
Our specific aim in a 10-year prospective study of 772 Cincinnati firemen
(predominantly aged 26 to 46 years) was to determine the prevalence, attributes,
and etiology of persistent hypobetalipoproteinemia, defined by entry low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) less than 75 mg/dL. A second specific aim was to
cross-sectionally assess hypocholesterolemia (defined by total serum cholesterol
[TC] < 130 mg/dL) in 1,314 white and 165 black men aged 26 to 46 years in the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). The 141 black and
631 white firemen had 4,973 person-years of follow-up time (median, 7.1 yr/man).
Of 772 men, 44 (5.7%) had entry LDL levels less than 75 mg/dL; they had a mean
follow-up time of 7.3 yr/man. Of these 44 men, there were 12 (1.8% of the cohort)
with entry LDLC less than 75 mg/dL, and at least 67% of their follow-up LDLC
levels were less than 75. Their mean entry TC and LDLC levels were low (130 and
58 mg/dL), mean triglyceride (TG) was low (63 mg/dL), and mean high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) was high (60 mg/dL), LDLC remained at less than 75
mg/dL in 81% of their follow-up samples. Their mean entry and follow-up
cholesterol and LDLC did not differ (P > .1, 130 v 133 mg/dL and 58 v 63 mg/dL).
Compared with 32 men with entry LDLC less than 75 mg/dL but with less than 87% of
follow-up LDLC less than 75 mg/dL, the 12 men with persistently low LDLC had
lower mean Quetelet indices and diastolic blood pressure at entry (2.36 v 2.58, P
= .056; 73 v 80 mm Hg, P = .03) and on follow-up study (2.45 v 2.69, P = .04; 72
v 79 mm Hg, P = .05). Of 12 men with persistently low LDLC, two had truncated
apolipoprotein (apo) B (familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, two had the apo E
genotype 2/3, and two had acquired hypobetalipoproteinemia that antedated
mortality from melanoma by 9 years and from alcoholism by 2 years. Comparable to
white and black firemen aged 26 to 46 years, 2.9% and 3.6% of whom had entry
serum TC less than 130 mg/dL, of 1,314 white and 165 black men in the NHANES I
study (aged 26 to 46), 1.8% and 3.6% had hypocholesterolemia (entry TC < 130
mg/dL). Daily mean calorie, fat, and protein intake (grams per day) did not
differ (P > .05) in men with entry TC less than 130 mg/dL compared with those
with TC 130 to 230 or greater than 230 mg/dL. Hypocholesterolemia in white and
black men in NHANES I could not be attributed to hypocaloric intake or to
protein, fat, or carbohydrate undernutrition. There appear to be racial
differences in the prevalence of hypocholesterolemia. Blacks comprised 18% of the
firemen's cohort but 42% of those with persistent hypobetalipoproteinemia; among
NHANES I subjects, 3.6% of blacks were hypocholesterolemic versus 1.8% of whites.
Unless persistent hypobetalipoproteinemia reflects an underlying disease,
alcoholism, etc., it is often heritable, and may be associated with a reduced
likelihood of coronary heart disease (CHD) and with increased longevity.
PMID: 9186296 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
64. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997 Apr;21(2):147-54.
Whose diet has changed?
Dobson A, Porteous J, McElduff P, Alexander H.
Department of Statistics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW.
The same questions about diet were asked in two community-based surveys conducted
in the Hunter Region of New South Wales in 1983 and 1994. There were substantial
changes in diet over the period; for example, the proportion of respondents who
reported using low-fat or skim milk increased from 25 per cent to 51 per cent,
the proportion eating meat fewer than five times a week doubled from 21 per cent
to 42 per cent and the proportion eating fewer than three eggs per week increased
from 55 per cent to 80 per cent. In both surveys, women reported eating a
healthier diet than men, and older people and those of higher socioeconomic
status reported better diets than younger people or people with less education or
lower status occupations. The surprising finding was that over the 11-year period
the changes in patterns of food consumption were remarkably similar across all
strata of the population. The conclusions are that wide-spread dietary change is
possible. However, the changes in the last decade related mainly to reducing the
risk of cardiovascular disease; similar behavioural changes to reduce the risk of
diet-related cancer are required.
PMID: 9161069 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
65. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1996 Dec;16(4):327-33.
Maternal factors influencing the occurrence of low birthweight in northern
Vietnam.
Dinh PH, To TH, Vuong TH, Höjer B, Persson LA.
Institute for Protection of Children's Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
The relationship between the birthweight of newborn infants and their mothers'
health characteristics as well as socio-economic status were studied in 1474
consecutive deliveries from eight areas in the delta region of north Vietnam. The
results showed that the proportion of low birthweight (LBW) infants varied from
7.9% to 12.5%. Body mass index (BMI) of the mothers, good nutrition during
pregnancy and maternity leave before delivery were negatively associated with the
occurrence of LBW. The association between chronic energy deficiency (low BMI)
and LBW was seen only among the farming women. Measures should be taken to reduce
the workload and to supply sufficient food for pregnant women, and special
priority should be given to rural areas.
PIP: This study examines the prevalence of low-birth-weight (LBW) deliveries
among a sample of women from 17 communes in five provinces in the Red River delta
region of north Vietnam during 1992-93. The final sample included 1474
consecutive deliveries from five rural and three urban areas. Trained medical
staff measured the weight and height of newborns and mothers after delivery. Body
mass index (BMI) was used to determine maternal energy deficiency. Gestational
age was determined by measuring the time interval between the last menstrual
period and delivery. Maternal diet was categorized as very poor (rice and
vegetables only), poor (rice and some supplementary food), or sufficient (rice
and enough supplementary food). Findings indicate that LBW deliveries amounted to
7.9% in rural Ha Tay (health center deliveries), 10.5% in rural Nam Ha (health
center deliveries), and 8.5% in rural Thai Binh (home deliveries). The number of
LBW deliveries was very low in urban Hanoi and in the Nam Dinh factory hospital.
LBW infants did not vary by gender. LBW deliveries were more prevalent for
first-born children (12% among girls and 7% among boys). Farming mothers were
twice as likely to have a LBW delivery. LBW deliveries were less common among
mothers who had made over four prenatal visits. An increase in the likelihood of
delivering a LBW infant was associated with insufficient food intake, heavy
physical work during pregnancy, and chronic energy deficiency. LBW was
independently associated with BMI, food availability during pregnancy, maternity
leave before delivery, and parity. Farming mothers with a BMI under 18.5 had
three times the risk of having a LBW delivery than normal mothers. 94% of farming
mothers and only 40% of nonfarming mothers had insufficient food intake. LBW
deliveries were more common in the summer and autumn. 8% showed some disease
during pregnancy, such as toxemia, infectious diseases, or other diseases. LBW
risk doubled with any of these conditions.
PMID: 8985530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
66. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Aug;50(8):560-4.
Socio-economic influences on gender inequalities in child health in rural
Bangladesh.
Rousham EK.
Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia,
Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate gender inequalities in child growth and nutritional
status in relation to socio-economic status in Bangladesh. DESIGN: A 16-month
longitudinal study of child growth measuring anthropometric and socio-economic
status. SETTING: A rural area of Jamalpur district, northern Bangladesh.
SUBJECTS: 1366 children from 2 to 6 years of age. METHODS: Child height and
weight were measured monthly. Morbidity, food intake and health-seeking
behaviours were assessed fortnightly. Multivariable analyses were performed on
the growth and nutritional status of male and female children in relation to
socio-economic factors including father's occupation, parental education, birth
order and family size. RESULTS: There was no evidence of gender bias in farming
and trading/employee households but landless female children had significantly
poorer height-for-age (P < 0.001) and weight-for-age (P < 0.001) than their male
counterparts. During a period of natural disaster, a statistically significant
interaction was observed between father's occupation and sex (P < 0.05) such that
the combination of being female and being landless was more detrimental to
nutritional status than either variable alone. Over the following 16-months,
catch-up-growth was apparent in landless female children who grew significantly
more in height-for-age (P < 0.001) and weight-for-age (P < 0.001) than their male
counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Gender inequalities in health in Bangladesh varied
significantly according to occupational status, such that the effect of sex was
dependent upon occupation. These effects were statistically significant during
the period of natural disaster but became insignificant as local conditions
improved. This demonstrates both temporal and socio-economic variation in gender
inequalities in health.
PIP: During February 1989-June 1990 in Bangladesh, local field assistants
collected data on 1366 children 2-6 years old, attending maternal and child
health clinics operated by a nongovernmental organization, and living in 13
villages in Jamalpur District situated on the banks of the Jamuna River. The
field assistants made home visits to record child morbidity every 2 weeks and to
measure child height and weight once a month. During January-April 1989, this
area suffered from extensive food shortages due to a prolonged drought and one of
the worst floods recorded in Bangladesh. Gender bias was not apparent in farming
and trading/employee households. In landless households (i.e., fathers'
occupation was laborer), girls were significantly shorter and less heavy than
boys (p 0.001), however. During a natural disaster, fathers' occupation
significantly interacted with sex (p 0.05). Specifically, children who were both
female and living in a landless household were more likely to have poor
nutritional status than children who were female and living in a farming or
trading/employee household and children who were male and living in a landless
household. This interaction was not apparent as local conditions improved. Over
the 16 months following the natural disaster, landless girls grew significantly
more in height-for-age and weight-for-age than landless boys (p 0.001). In other
words, these girls experienced more catch-up growth than the boys. At the end of
the study, nutritional status varied only according to socioeconomic status but
not according to gender. These findings suggest that gender bias within this
population depends on changes in food availability and the rural economy. Thus,
child nutrition programs should target landless girls, who are at highest risk of
gender discrimination and malnutrition during economic adversity.
PMID: 8863018 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
67. Pediatrics. 1996 Mar;97(3):312-7.
The association between parental smoking and the diet quality of low-income
children.
Johnson RK, Wang MQ, Smith MJ, Connolly G.
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405,
USA.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between parental smoking and the diet
quality of children residing in low-income housholds in the United States.
MTHODS: Data from 515 low-income children (less than or equal to 185% of the
poverty line), ages 2 to 17, who participated in the 1989 and 1990 United States
Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals were
examined. Diet quality was assessed by examining the average daily amount of
nutrients consumed per 1000 kcal for protein, fiber, and 14 essential vitamins
and minerals as well as total energy, percent of energy from total fat and
saturated fat, and cholesterol and sodium intakes using the 3-day average of one
24-hour recall and 2 days of diet records. Parental smoking was categorized as
four levels (nonsmoker; 1 to 10, 11 to 20, and more than 20) on the basis of the
average number of cigarettes smoked per day by the sample child's parents.
Analysis of covariance examined differences in the children's nutrient intake
among the four smoking categories while controling for race, mother's age and
occupation, child age, and sex. RESULTS: Low-income children with parents who
smoked (n = 235) were more likely to be white (P <.001), had younger mothers (P
<.05) and were more likely to have mothers employed in blue-collar occupations (P
<.001) than children whose parents were nonsmokers (N = 280). Children whose
parents smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day had a higher level of energy from
saturated fat, and children whose parents smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day had
the highest cholesterol intakes in comparison with the rest of the sample.
Parental smoking was also related to total fiber intake per 1000 kcal, with
children of smokers having lower fiber intakes than children of nonsmokers.
CONCLUSIONS: On average, low-income children of smokers had a poorer diet quality
than low-income children of nonsmokers, thus increasing their future risk of
chronic disease.
PMID: 8604263 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
68. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1996 Winter;73(2):370-97.
Occupations, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer in the epidemiological follow-up
to the NHANES I and the California Occupational Mortality Study.
Leigh JP.
Department of Economics, San Jose State University, CA 95192-0114, USA.
What jobs are associated with the highest and lowest levels of cigarette use and
of lung cancer? Are there gender differences in these jobs? Two data sets-the
Epidemiological Follow-up to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHEFS) and the California Occupational Mortality Study (COMS) were analyzed to
answer these questions. For females, the broad occupations ranking from highest
to lowest cigarette use in the NHEFS was: transportation operators, managers,
craft workers, service workers, operatives, laborers, technicians, administrative
workers, farm owners and workers, sales workers, no occupation, and
professionals. The corresponding ranking for males was: transportation operators,
no occupation, laborers, craft workers, service workers, technicians, and
professionals. The highest-ranking jobs in the COMS were waitresses, telephone
operators, and cosmetologists for women, and water-transportation workers,
roofers, foresters and loggers for men. Teachers were especially low on all four
lists. This study could not determine whether employment within any occupation
encouraged smoking or if smokers selected certain occupations.
PMCID: PMC2359318
PMID: 8982527 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
69. Asia Pac Popul J. 1995 Dec;10(4):3-22.
Infant feeding practices in Viet Nam.
Truong SA, Ngo TT, Knodel J, Le H, Tran TT.
PIP: Data from the 1988 Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey and the 1994
Demographic Survey are used to determine the trends in breast feeding and
amenorrhea among ever married women of reproductive age. Life table procedures
are used to calculate monthly probabilities of weaning. Then five month moving
averages of equal weight are computed for observed monthly probabilities of
weaning. The smoothed probabilities are used to calculate the cumulative
proportion weaned at successive monthly ages. Breast feeding is universal in
Vietnam. Infants are put to the breast earlier when delivery occurs at home.
Almost all children are breast fed through the first six months, and 80% are
breast fed for a year. The median duration was 15.3 months in the 1988 survey and
15.9 months in the 1994 survey based on life table methods. Calculations based on
current status methods were slightly higher for both years. Rural women tended to
breast feed longer than urban women. Children who had mothers working in
agriculture were breast fed longer than children whose mothers had other
occupations. Socioeconomic factors did not correlate well with breast feeding
duration. Findings indicate that over 66% of breast fed infants aged under 3
months were given plain water, and over 90% of infants aged 3-5 months were given
plain water. Fresh cow's milk is not given to Vietnamese infants. Juices were
given to children aged older than 6 months. Sugar water was given to younger
infants. The introduction of supplemental liquids was more common in urban areas.
Few infants during the first few months of life were given solid or mushy foods.
But by 4 months of age, 50% of infants were given solid or mushy foods, and the
practice was more common in rural areas. The urban-rural gap closed by 6 months
of age. Over 90% of infants received solids at 9 months. It is expected that
modernization will negatively impact on breast feeding.
PMID: 12291531 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
70. Health Transit Rev. 1995 Apr;5(1):1-20.
Social inequality and children's growth in Guatemala.
Pebley AR, Goldman N.
Office of Population Research, Princeton University, NJ 08540, USA.
This paper is an investigation of the effects of social inequality in Guatemala
on children's health and nutritional status as measured by attained height.
Guatemala remains a highly stratified and poor society. We examine the
association of land distribution, land tenure, occupation, and other aspects of
family social and economic status with children's height between the ages of
three months and 36 months, using data from a cross-sectional survey. An
important consequence of the poverty and poor living conditions of the majority
of the Guatemalan population is substantial deficits in children's growth. Our
results suggest that children's growth is affected by ethnicity, their father's
occupation, land distribution in the area where they live, and maternal
education. Substantial growth deficits are observed among children living at
altitudes above 1500 metres; we hypothesize that this is because, in Guatemala,
higher altitude is associated with land scarcity, poorer agricultural conditions,
and greater remoteness from transport networks and other public services.
PIP: Population researchers used data from the 1987 National Survey of Maternal
and Child Health, 1981 census of population and housing, and the 1979
agricultural census to examine the relationship between land distribution, land
tenure, occupation, and other characteristics of family socioeconomic status with
children's growth between the ages of 3 months to 36 months in Guatemala. 57.8%
of the children were stunted. 71.9% of the children lived in rural areas
characterized as poor and in inferior living conditions. Characteristics
influencing children's growth included ethnicity (indigenous children shorter
than ladinos), father's occupation (agriculture or unskilled occupations had a
negative effect on growth), land distribution (the smaller the farm, the greater
the deficit in height), and maternal education. Children living at altitudes
greater than 1500 meters were shorter than those living at elevations less than
1500 meters (p 0.05). Land scarcity, poorer agricultural conditions, and greater
distance from transport networks and other public services were likely
responsible for the association between altitude and growth. Indigenous
populations were more likely to live at higher elevations than ladinos, partly
because, over the last 200 years, ladinos appropriated the more productive,
accessible, and desirable lands at moderate elevations. Father's occupation, land
ownership, housing quality, possession of consumer goods, residency, and size of
farms in area accounted for about 24% of the variation in height-for-age. These
findings show that poverty and poor living conditions for most of the population
adversely affect children's growth.
PMID: 10150528 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
71. Nutr Health. 1995;10(3):239-53.
Infant weaning practises of some Idoma women in Makurdi, Nigeria.
Igbedioh SO, Edache A, Kaka HJ.
University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.
The weaning practices in infants aged 4-9 months of two hundred Idoma women
resident in Makurdi were examined. A pre-tested standard questionnaire was used
to collect data from mothers who regularly visited the post-natal health clinics
in Makurdi. The results showed that better educated mothers breast fed for a
shorter time or planned to cease breast feeding after a shorter period than
mothers who had little education or no formal training. Most mothers (97%) fed
milk formula which they claimed was used to supplement breast milk and was good
for their babies. The most influential factors were the hospital and the husband.
The majority of the mothers fed pap; 73% using corn in its preparation, with 91%
of them storing such paps in flask. More than half of the mothers used a bottle
in feeding the paper or gruel to their infants while a similar proportion (65.5%)
fed legumes to their infants in addition to fruits. The implications of these
practices in comparison with other ethnic groups is discussed.
PIP: During May-September 1993, in Benue State, Nigeria, interviews were
conducted with 200 healthy Idoma mothers aged 16-43 years attending the postnatal
health clinic in the Kwararafa area of Makurdi--largely a Tiv tribe
settlement--so researchers could learn about infant weaning practices of Idoma
women. 67% of the mothers had no more than primary education, while about 60% of
the husbands had at least secondary education. Most mothers breast fed on demand
6-8 times a day for 5-15 minutes. 90% planned to cease breast feeding at 12
months. The less educated mothers, who were either self-employed or unemployed,
planned to cease breast feeding later than the more educated mothers who were in
salaried employment. 97% gave their infant milk formula. Education was associated
with milk formula use (93% of mothers with no formal education, 97% of mothers
with primary education, and 100% of mothers with secondary or higher education).
The major reasons for using milk formula were supplementation of breast milk
(43%) and claiming it is good for infants (36.5%). The leading milk formula
brands were Nan (46.3%), Cerelac (30%), and SMA (10.5%). The factors that most
influenced introduction of milk formula included hospital advice (46.5%) and
husband's advice (33%). 52.5% introduced supplementary feeding at 3-4 months.
88.5% of all mothers gave supplementary food alongside breast milk. The most
important factors influencing type of supplementary food were suitability for
infant (35.5%), high quality (21.5%), and price (19.5%). The leading type of
weaning foods were pap (50.5%), Cerelac (26.5%), and pap mixed with other food
(11%). 82% of mothers fed gruel to their infant with a feeding bottle. 65.5% also
fed legumes, vegetables, and/or fruits to their infant. The decision to feed
these foods to their infant were based on hospital advice (36%), availability in
the family menu (24%), and easy availability (18.5%). Based on these findings,
health workers should use nutrition education, advice, and demonstration to teach
appropriate and timely introduction of supplementary foods, methods of food
preparation, and use of local fruits and vegetables.
PMID: 8684733 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
72. Alcohol Alcohol. 1995 Jan;30(1):71-86.
Dangerous jobs and heavy alcohol use in two national probability samples.
Leigh JP.
Department of Economics, San Jose State University, CA 95192-0114, USA.
Samples of employed persons within the US were drawn from the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey II (n = 8477), and the Quality of Employment Survey
(n = 1393) to test the hypothesis that a positive association existed between
alcohol use and job hazards. Heavy total alcohol use, or beer or wine or liquor
use separately, were the dependent variables. The key independent variables
included subjects' evaluations of hazardous nature of the job and fatality rates
within occupations and industries. Models were estimated with logistic
regressions controlling for age, gender, race and other covariates. Only one
robust finding emerged: heavy beer use was found to be positively and strongly
correlated with the fatality rate within occupations. Additional correlations
between job hazards and heavy alcohol use were weak, generated large P values,
and some suggested an inverse association. The lack of robust findings for the
additional correlations may partially be explained by the associations between
job categories on the one hand and choice of beverage on the other. Blue-collar
jobs are more hazardous than white-collar jobs, on average. Persons in
blue-collar jobs were more likely to drink beer, while those in white-collar jobs
were more likely to drink wine or liquor (spirits). Separate analyses of beer,
wine and liquor appeared essential to explaining correlations between dangerous
jobs and heavy alcohol use in these data. Limitations of the study included (1)
age of the data (from the 1970s). (2) alcohol use and some job hazards were
measured by self-report, and (3) data were from only one country.
PMID: 7748279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
73. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994 Nov;48 Suppl 3:S98-108; discussion S108-9.
Body mass index and illness in rural Sarawak.
Strickland SS, Ulijaszek SJ.
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.
This paper reports findings of a cross-sectional anthropometric survey of 447 men
and 564 women aged > 18 years of the Iban tribe in rural Sarawak. The percentage
of each approximately 10 year cohort with body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) < 18.5
increased progressively with age > 40 years in both sexes. BMI and arm-muscle
plus bone cross-sectional area (AMBA) were influenced significantly by reported
single symptoms in men and two concurrent symptoms in women. Sensitivity of BMI <
18.5 for identifying those reporting symptoms of illness was 21% in men and 29%
in women. Independently of illness effects, values of stature, BMI and AMBA in
men, and stature alone in women, were significantly greater in those farming
plots with the shortest time left fallow, suggesting their comparative success.
The BMI of men may reflect primarily their economic activities, while that of
women their experience of illness; the AMBA may also be a better overall index of
health than BMI in this population.
PMID: 7843165 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
74. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994 Nov;48 Suppl 3:S148-54.
The body mass index of Chinese adults in the 1980s.
Ge K, Weisell R, Guo X, Cheng L, Ma H, Zhai F, Popkin BM.
Institute of nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine,
Beijing.
Patterns and trends in the body composition of Chinese adults are studied with
data from the 1982 China Nationwide Nutrition Survey (CNS-82) and the 1989 China
Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS-89). The CNS-82 showed rural inhabitants were
approximately 3 kg lighter than urban residents and approximately 2.2 cm shorter.
Males were heavier (55.2 +/- 7.4 vs 50.7 +/- 8.0 kg) and taller (165.3 +/- 7.3
and 153.5 +/- 6.3 cm). Using a cut-off for underweight of a body mass index (BMI:
kg/m2) < 18.5 and for obesity of > 25, 11.6% and 12.9% of the urban and rural
sample were underweight and 9.8% and 6.9% respectively were overweight. The
CHNS-89 surveyed 5138 adults aged 20-45 in eight selected provinces. The
proportion of underweight in both urban and rural samples declined slightly
(approximately 1.3%) but the proportion of obesity increased considerably (4.8%
for the urban sample and 2% for the rural one). Increased income was
significantly associated with reduced low body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) in the
urban sample while, for the rural and overall samples, the opposite was found for
obesity. Provincial patterns in energy intake were not associated with the
distribution of BMI while occupation was. In particular, government officials and
housewives were much more likely to be obese as also were subpopulation groups
consuming greater proportions of energy from animal sources. Over 80% of the
population fell in the normal BMI range (18.5-25). This may relate to the
relatively even distribution of food in China during the past several decades.
PMID: 7843152 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
75. Appetite. 1994 Apr;22(2):183-96.
Attitudes towards high-fat foods and their low-fat alternatives: reliability and
relationship with fat intake.
Stafleu A, de Graaf C, van Staveren WA, de Jong MA.
Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, The
Netherlands.
Score on a scale of attitude towards the consumption of five high-fat foods and
their low-fat alternatives was correlated with the energy percentage of fat in
the diet across 419 subjects. Attitudes towards low-fat alternatives were more
positive than towards high-fat foods. Mean energy percentage of fat in the diet
was 38.8% (SD 7.1). The attitude scale explained 25% of the variance in
percentage energy as fat. Test-retest reliability of the attitude scale (n = 25)
was 0.92 (95% confidence limits 0.82 and 0.97). The reproducibility of energy
percentage fat in the diet (n = 33) was 0.64 (95% confidence limits 0.38 and
0.81). Differences in attitude score were found between men and women, subjects
following a dietary treatment and those who did not, and subjects with a fat
intake according to the Dutch dietary guidelines and those who had not (p <
0.001). Fat intake (expressed as percentage of energy intake) differed between
age groups (p < 0.05), and between subjects following a special diet and those
who did not (p < 0.001). No difference in attitude score or energy percentage of
fat was found for education level, occupation level, body mass index or household
size. It is concluded that attitudes towards high-fat foods and their low-fat
alternatives are useful in understanding fat intake.
PMID: 8037443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
76. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993 Jan;47(1):31-41.
Dietary determinants of serum beta-carotene and serum retinol.
Järvinen R, Knekt P, Seppänen R, Heinonen M, Aaran RK.
Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Finland.
The relationship of major dietary carotenoids, preformed and total vitamin A, and
different foods to serum beta-carotene and serum retinol levels was studied among
224 male and 117 female adults taken from the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health
Examination Survey. Serum nutrients were analysed after 10-15 years of storage at
-20 degrees C. Dietary data were collected by a quantitative dietary history
interview method. Intakes of nutrients were calculated based on analysed data on
Finnish foods. The positive gradient between beta-carotene intake and serum
level, being highly significant in women and non-significant in men, was
concentrated in non-smokers. Other major dietary carotenoids tended to be
positively correlated with serum beta-carotene in parallel with dietary
beta-carotene. Carrot intake was the most specific single food predictor for
serum beta-carotene. Serum retinol levels were not significantly associated with
dietary variables and were not affected by current smoking. In women, serum
beta-carotene values were higher, but serum retinol levels lower, compared with
men. The results support earlier findings that smoking modifies the association
between dietary beta-carotene and serum beta-carotene, and suggest that despite
the long storage of serum samples beta-carotene determinations had some value as
a biological marker for beta-carotene in the diet.
PMID: 8422871 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
77. Nutr Health. 1993;9(1):15-23.
The diet of girls and young women at the beginning of the century.
Ariouat JF, Barker DJ.
MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton
General Hospital.
Recent research has shown that retarded growth during fetal life and infancy is
linked to the development of cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease and
stroke) in adult life. Maternal nutrition has an important effect on early growth
and the diets of young women may therefore influence cardiovascular disease in
the next generation. Samples of women aged 80 years and over were interviewed in
six areas of England and Wales with different cardiovascular death rates. The
women, 281 in total, were asked about their diets when they were aged 10 to 15
years. Those who grew up in areas which now have low cardiovascular mortality
tended to eat four meals a day rather than three, to live in households which had
gardens, kept hens or livestock, and to go into domestic service, where diets
were generally good. Those who grew up in areas which now have high
cardiovascular mortality tended to eat less red meat, to live in houses without
gardens, to enter industrial occupations and have higher fertility rates.
PMID: 8414270 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
78. Am J Public Health. 1992 Nov;82(11):1517-24.
Disability in occupations in a national sample.
Leigh JP, Fries JF.
Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Calif.
OBJECTIVES. We sought to develop lists of jobs whose members reported high and
low levels of functional disability. METHODS. Samples of women (n = 6096) and men
(n = 3653) were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I
Epidemiological Follow-up. Disability was measured with a modified Stanford
Health Assessment Questionnaire. We analyzed women and men separately, and we
calculated average disability indices within longest-held occupations while
adjusting for age, age-squared, married spouse present, and education. We
minimized attrition bias with an econometric technique. RESULTS. From highest to
lowest association with disability, the female broad occupations ranking was as
follows: farming, no occupation, laborers, service, technicians, operatives,
crafts workers, transportation operators, professionals, sales workers,
administrative support, and managers. The male broad occupations ranking was as
follows: no occupation, farming, operatives, crafts workers, service,
technicians, manager, administrative support, sales, and professionals. The
highest levels of disability for women and men occurred among nonconstruction
laborers, farm workers, twisting machine operators, servants, machinery
maintenance workers, mining machine operators, and bus drivers. CONCLUSIONS. Our
results suggest that, in understanding levels of functional disability,
occupational safety and health play a larger role than is generally assumed.
PMCID: PMC1694609
PMID: 1443303 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
79. Cancer Causes Control. 1992 May;3(3):247-54.
A cohort study of tobacco use, diet, occupation, and lung cancer mortality.
Chow WH, Schuman LM, McLaughlin JK, Bjelke E, Gridley G, Wacholder S, Chien HT,
Blot WJ.
Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
20892.
In 1966, a cohort of White males aged 35 or over, who were policy-holders with
the Lutheran Brotherhood Insurance Society (United States), completed a mail
questionnaire on tobacco use, diet, and demographic characteristics. During the
20 years of follow-up, 219 lung cancer deaths occurred. Besides the strong
relationship with cigarette smoking, we observed an effect on lung cancer risk
among current users of cigars or pipes who were nonsmokers of cigarettes
(relative risk [RR] = 3.5, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-12.6) or who
were past/occasional users of cigarettes (RR = 2.7, CI = 1.4-5.3). In addition,
elevated risks (from 1.5 to 2.6) of lung cancer were found among craftsmen and
laborers, with the highest risks among subjects who worked in the mining or
manufacturing industry. No association between current (as of 1966) use of beer
or hard liquor and lung cancer was observed, although past users were at elevated
risk. An inverse association between lung cancer and intake of fruits was
observed, and risks of lung cancer were lower among persons in the highest
dietary intake quintiles of vitamins A and C. Except for oranges, however, none
of the inverse associations with fruits or dietary nutrients had statistically
significant trends. The findings from this cohort study add to the evidence of an
adverse effect of cigar/pipe smoking and possibly protective effect of dietary
factors on lung cancer risk.
PMID: 1610971 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
80. Nutr Health. 1992;8(2-3):159-63.
Nutritional factors for longevity in Okinawa--present and future.
Mimura G, Murakami K, Gushiken M.
Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the
Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
Several factors, such as environment and heredity, are presumed to be related to
longevity. Of these nutrition is believed to function as a regulatory factor.
Okinawa prefecture is well known as the leading area for longevity in the world.
We therefore examined present and past nutrition records together with the
background of all the 88 centenarians (18 male, 70 female) who are living in
Okinawa in 1991. Their leading occupation was agriculture, and they were in work
until the 8th decade. They took rice or potato as carbohydrate with abundant
vegetables and vegetable protein or fish protein. Although they did not take a
rich diet it was well balanced, and was assumed to be related to longevity
because of the decreased incidence of atherosclerosis; together with a good
genetic background, suggested by the accumulation of longevity in their siblings.
PMID: 1407825 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
81. Vopr Onkol. 1992;38(9):1066-73.
[Increased risk factors for the occurrence of bladder cancer]
[Article in Russian]
Zaridze DG, Nekrasova LI, Basieva TKh.
Risk factors of bladder cancer development were studied in a population-based
case-control epidemiological study performed in Moscow. Relative risk (RR)
indexes appeared to be increased in smokers (4.2) and ex-smokers (3.5) with
statistically significant trends for two most important factors such as duration
of smoking and duration of withdrawal. A pronounced although insignificant
increase in the RR indexes was established for drivers (3.0) and a slight
insignificant rise-for gas arc welding operators (1.5). The indexes were
increased in subjects with a family history of cancer. The relative risk of
cancer was significantly lower in beta-carotene consumers. A preventive effect of
polyunsaturated fatty acids and oil and margarine used for frying was
established. Risk of bladder cancer tended to increase with a rise in dietary
protein. A dose-effect type inhibition of advancement of the disease by vitamin C
was observed.
PMID: 1300819 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
82. J Occup Med. 1991 Aug;33(8):853-61.
A ranking of occupations based on the blood pressures of incumbents in the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I.
Leigh JP.
Department of Economics, San Jose State University, CA 95192.
Data were drawn from a subsample of the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey I, 1971 to 1975, consisting of persons 25 years of age and older who
stated they were employed in one of roughly 400 US Census three-digit occupations
(n = 8130). Occupations with fewer than five persons were excluded from the
analysis. Diastolic and systolic blood pressures were calculated for each of 244
occupations, simultaneously adjusting for age, gender, and body mass in an
analysis of covariance model. A disproportionately high number of craft,
operative, laboring, and farming jobs have incumbents with higher than average
blood pressures, and a disproportionately low number of professional, managerial,
and clerical jobs have incumbents with higher than average blood pressures. Jobs
whose incumbents have especially high blood pressures include bartenders and dry
cleaning operatives. Whether jobs cause high blood pressure or persons with high
blood pressure choose those particular jobs remains unknown.
PMID: 1941279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
83. Stud Fam Plann. 1991 Jul-Aug;22(4):255-63.
Birth spacing patterns and correlates in Shaanxi, China.
Tu P.
Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic
of China.
This study shows that most women in Shaanxi Province, China try to have their
first birth as soon as possible after their first marriage, and that the length
of the interval between marriage and first birth is strongly correlated with the
woman's age at first marriage. The length of the second and third birth intervals
and the likelihood of going on to have a second or third birth are strongly
influenced by the sex composition of children already born, the survival time of
the child initiating the interval, the duration of breastfeeding, and the woman's
occupation. There is significant regional variation in the length of birth
intervals and in the prevalence of second and third births in Shaanxi. The
findings indicate that China's one-child policy is far from being universally
accepted in Shaanxi, including its urban areas. The persistence of many social,
economic, institutional, and cultural factors promoting high fertility poses many
obstacles to further fertility decline.
PIP: A researcher applied data from the 1985 In-Depth Fertility Survey to Cox's
hazard regression model and the actuarial life table method to determine birth
spacing patterns and their correlates in Shaanxi Province in China. In the 1970s,
China encouraged later marriage, longer birth spacing, and fewer births after
which fertility declined quickly in Shaanxi (5.5-2.9 between 1970 and 1979).
Fertility hovered around 2.6 in the 1980s, however, when China promoted the one
child policy. Newly married women tended not to use effective contraceptives in
Shaanxi so 1st birth intervals bascially depended on fecundity. In fact, the
median 1st birth interval was only 14.2 months. In addition, woman's age at 1st
marriage had a very significant effect on the length of the 1st birth interval
(p.001). Further 71.5% had a 2nd birth within 5 years of the 1st birth (50.3%
urban and 76.9% rural). The 2nd birth interval was much longer than the 1st birth
interval, however (38 months: 55.7 urban and 34.5 rural). Breast feeding played a
significant role in having a 2nd birth (p.01) and 3rd birth (p.001). Further if
the index child was a girl or if the 1st 2 children were girls, the women were
highly likely to have another child (p.001) in hopes of having a son. Women's
occupation also played a considerable role in having a 2nd or 3rd birth (p.001).
For example, an agricultural worker or housewife were 3.6 times more likely to
have a 2nd birth than nonagricultural workers. The death of the index child
significantly affected the probability of having a subsequent birth for parity 1
women (p.01) but not for those of parity 2. Regional variations in the length of
birth intervals and in occurrence of 2nd and 3rd births occurred. In conclusion,
the people of Shaanxi have not accepted the one child policy. Many social,
economic, institutional, and cultural factors which foster high fertility remain.
PMID: 1949107 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
84. Hum Biol. 1991 Jun;63(3):389-402.
Sociodemographic correlates of breast feeding in Ghana.
Oheneba-Sakyi Y, Takyi BK.
Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Potsdam 13676.
This study utilizes data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) (1979-1980) to
investigate breast feeding in Ghana and the factors that affect it. Using life
table procedures, we found evidence that, when other factors are held constant,
older cohorts, women with no schooling, those who work in the agricultural
sector, those affiliated with traditional Ghanaian religions, Mole-Dagbanis,
rural residents, residents of the Volta, Brong-Ahafo, northern, and upper
regions, and low-parity women show longer durations of breast feeding. It is
recommended that, along with other fertility reduction measures, prolonged breast
feeding among all Ghanaian mothers should be encouraged to help reduce conception
and to ensure healthy children.
PIP: Data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS), 1978-80, is used to investigate
the fertility levels and breast feeding behavior in Ghana. The stratified sample
of 6125 women aged 15-49 years represents region and urban, large urban and rural
sectors, of which a subsample of 4943 ever married women provides data of the
last births within the preceding 5 years. Analysis is based on survival table
procedures and accelerated failure time models to estimate the probability of
breast feeding at various ages. The Weibull regression version of general
accelerated failure time models was employed in estimating the effects of the
independent variables on the median duration of breast feeding for selected
maternal characteristics. The SAS statistical procedure, LIFEREG, was used to
estimate maximum likelihood parameters with a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The
dependent variable was the cumulative probability of breast feeding for children
who were still breast feeding, those discontinuing, and those breast fed until
their death. Independent variables were birth cohort (1930-39, 1940-49, 1950-54,
and 1955-64), age at first marriage, formal education, occupation, religion,
ethnicity, monogamous or polygynous marriage, residence, ratio of desired
children to living ones, and parity. The results show that the median duration
exceeds 12 months which is strongly related to birth cohort, .01 level of
significance. Duration decreases over time. The youngest age cohort may perceive
their breasts to be sex symbols and infant feeding formulas have become more
available. Age at first marriage has little effect on duration, but increasing
age at marriage shows a slight reduction in duration with controls operating.
Babies are breast fed longer by less educated mothers, although the multivariate
analysis indicated insignificance. Working mothers may have a conflict with
breast feeding, but professional women have about the same duration as other
women, perhaps due to the 3-month paid maternity leave. Agricultural workers tend
to breast feed longer. Only traditional believers breast feed longer, longer by
Christians by 4 months and by Muslims 2 months. Only the Mole-Dagbanis breast fed
over 1.5 years. Women in polygynous marriages also breast feed longer. Urban
women tended to have shorter durations, .05 significance level. Regional
differences varied between 14-19 months. Women from Brong-Ahafo and Volta regions
may breast feed longer because of inadequate health services. Greater parity is
associated with shorter duration. The recommendation is that contraceptives be
associated with shorter duration. The recommendation is that contraceptives be
made more widely available because of the trend in shorter feeding and
concomitantly shorter birth intervals, and that breast feeding be promoted.
PMID: 2055593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
85. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Apr 15;133(8):810-7.
The assessment of alcohol consumption by a simple self-administered
questionnaire.
Giovannucci E, Colditz G, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Litin L, Sampson L, Willett WC.
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Boston, MA.
The authors evaluated the reproducibility and validity of alcohol consumption
measured by a mailed, self-administered questionnaire in two large prospective
studies. Subsamples of 173 women and 136 men from these cohorts completed two
food-frequency questionnaires and multiple 1-week diet records (four for women
and two for men) and provided a fasting blood sample. Intakes of alcohol reported
over the previous year by food frequency questionnaire 2 correlated highly with
intake assessed by multiple week diet records completed over this period
(Spearman r = 0.90 in women and 0.86 in men). Mean daily alcohol intake as
assessed by the diet records and the questionnaires was very similar. Serum high
density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly correlated with alcohol
intakes estimated from the questionnaire (r = 0.40 in women and 0.35 in men) and
for the diet records (r = 0.33 in women and 0.38 in men). Four years after
completing the diet records, women were asked to report their alcohol intake of 4
years earlier; this estimate was highly correlated with the diet records (r =
0.84) and with the earlier high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.40). These
data suggest that a simple self-administered questionnaire can provide useful
estimates of alcohol intake over an extended period of time in subjects
participating in prospective epidemiologic studies.
PMID: 2021148 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
86. Int J Cancer. 1990 Jul 15;46(1):22-30.
Aromatic amine acetyltransferase as a marker for colorectal cancer: environmental
and demographic associations.
Wohlleb JC, Hunter CF, Blass B, Kadlubar FF, Chu DZ, Lang NP.
Section of Epidemiology, Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock 72205.
In this pilot, case-controlled investigation of 43 colorectal and 41 control male
patients, we compared associations of colorectal cancer with the aromatic amine
acetyltransferase polymorphism, nutritional and demographic characteristics,
medical histories, industrial and occupational histories, and exposures from home
environments and personal habits. Persons with the "fast" acetylator trait were
at greater risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio: 2.48; 95% confidence interval:
1.02, 6.03). Results that differed from previous reports were positive
associations of colorectal cancer with agricultural and manufacturing industries
and with consumption of meats prepared by smoking, curing, and barbecueing. As
expected, exercise frequency, cruciferous vegetables, and dietary fiber served as
protective factors.
PMID: 2365498 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
87. J Hypertens. 1990 Jul;8(7):679-85.
The effect of work environments on blood pressure: evidence from seven New York
organizations.
Schlussel YR, Schnall PL, Zimbler M, Warren K, Pickering TG.
Cardiovascular Center, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, NY
10021.
The prevalence of hypertension defined according to National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey II (NHANES II) criteria (140/90 mmHg and/or taking
antihypertensive medication) was analyzed cross-sectionally at seven worksites in
New York City (n = 4274; 2616 men and 1648 women), in order to assess whether
exposure to different work environments and occupations contributes to blood
pressure variation. The prevalence of hypertension across worksites was 26% among
men and 12% among women. Blood pressure was significantly different across
worksites even after controlling for known risk factors using analysis of
covariance. Of the variation in systolic pressure, 34% was predicted
significantly by eight variables; after adjusting for upper-arm circumference,
age and body mass index, higher pressures were associated with worksite
differences (9.0 mmHg), being male (7.2 mmHg), lacking a high-school education
(4.3 mmHg), having a clerical occupation (2.9 mmHg) and being unmarried (1.8
mmHg). Similar results for diastolic pressure suggest that researchers should
consider worksite and job characteristics as important predictors of blood
pressure differences in working populations.
PMID: 2168459 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
88. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Mar;129(3):483-94.
The relation of psychosocial dimensions of work with coronary heart disease risk
factors: a meta-analysis of five United States data bases.
Pieper C, LaCroix AZ, Karasek RA.
Div. of Biostatistics, Columbia U. School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032.
The relation of job psychologic demands and decision latitude to four coronary
heart disease risk factors (cholesterol, smoking, and systolic and diastolic
blood pressures) was tested among 12,555 men in five investigations conducted in
the United States during the period 1959-1980 (National Health and Nutrition
Examination Surveys I and II, National Health Examination Survey, Western
Collaborative Group Study, and Exercise Heart Survey). Using an imputation
strategy, the authors attached measures of the two job characteristics above to
persons in each data base by occupation. In 19 possible tests, decision latitude
was related (p less than 0.05) to cholesterol and smoking in two instances in the
predicted direction in the Exercise Heart Survey, when controlling for Type I
error rate. Psychologic demands were not related to any of the risk factors. When
a meta-analysis was performed across data bases, all relations were in the
predicted direction except for the relation of psychologic demands to systolic
pressure, and two of these were statistically significant (p less than 0.05): the
relation of job decision latitude to smoking and to systolic pressure. The
interaction of psychologic demands and decision latitude was not related to any
of the risk factors when two common forms of an interaction were tested. These
results indicate that psychosocial aspects of work, in particular the decision
latitude of the job, may be related to some cardiovascular risk factors.
PMID: 2916541 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
89. Food Policy. 1989 Feb;14(1):58-66.
Socioeconomic impacts of school feeding programmes: empirical evidence from a
South Indian village.
Babu SC, Hallam JA.
PIP: Tamil Nadu a poverty-stricken rural community in South India, funds a school
feeding program with about 10% of the state budget. Comparisons of nutrition and
literacy show that they are significantly related. No studies have yet been
performed to analyse the effect of the feeding programs on aspects of a
household's economic and social welfare. The feeding program in Tamil Nadu
extends throughout the year, 7 days a week. It provides not only a reason for
children to attend school, but also employment opportunities for those who wish
to cook. 455 households were surveyed from 1 village using. A Gini coefficient of
inequality to determine inequality levels of nutrition, food, and consumption
expenditure. Sen's index of poverty was used to calculate the reduction in
poverty levels. 3 household groups were defined: the agricultural labor, the silk
weaver, and the cultivator. Linear program modelling utilized these 3 groups to
study the total effect of nutrition on education. Linear regression was then used
to determine the effect of the feeding program on participation in school. At the
village level, a reduction of inequality in consumption and intake, an increase
in energy intake, and a decrease in poverty level were found. In agricultural
labor and silk weaver households, most of the money was spent on cereal food
grains and children were mostly uneducated. If modelled to assume that children
must be educated and are educated in schools providing food, results suggest that
the increase in nutrition helps retain the children in the schools. Cultivator
household response to the food programs was poor, since they usually have enough
money to meet nutritional needs. Household income and school nutrition, but not
adult literacy affect school participation. In general, nutrition offered in
school caused a subsequent increase in household purchases of non-cereal items in
the first 2 household types.
PMID: 12281938 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
90. Am J Ind Med. 1989;16(5):477-84.
Relationship of mortality, occupation, and pulmonary diffusing capacity to
pleural thickening in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Loomis DP, Collman GW, Rogan WJ.
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
We studied the relationship of pleural thickening consistent with asbestos
exposure to mortality, career employment in asbestos-related jobs, and pulmonary
diffusing capacity among participants in the first National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey. Three "B" readers examined chest X-rays to identify 59
individuals with such pleural abnormalities. From 1975 to 1984, the all-cause
mortality rate ratio (RR) comparing males with and without occupational pleural
thickening was 1.3 (95% C.I. 0.8-2.2). For lung cancer, the mortality RR for
males was 3.0 (95% C.I. 1.0-9.1). Career asbestos work was not associated with
occupational pleural thickening among men, probably because some with the
condition had only short-term exposure to asbestos. Pulmonary diffusing capacity
was lower in those with occupational pleural thickening, taking smoking into
account. These results suggest that individuals in the general population who
have occupational pleural thickening are at risk for some of the health
consequences of asbestos work, including lung cancer, even if they were not
career asbestos workers.
PMID: 2589326 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
91. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Jul;128(1):179-89.
Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the knee in the first national Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I). Evidence for an association with
overweight, race, and physical demands of work.
Anderson JJ, Felson DT.
Boston University Multipurpose Arthritis Center, MA 02118.
The authors used data from the United States first national Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey of 1971-1975 (HANES I) to explore the cross-sectional
associations between radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee and a variety of
putative risk factors. A total of 5,193 black and white study participants aged
35-74 years, 315 of whom had x-ray-diagnosed osteoarthritis of the knee, were
available for analysis. After controlling for confounders, the authors found
significant associations of knee osteoarthritis with overweight, race, and
occupation, all of which have been suggested by smaller cross-sectional studies.
They then focused specifically on those factors. For overweight, they found a
strong association between current obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee, with a
dose-response effect not previously assessed. This association was also seen for
self-reported minimum adult weight, a proxy for long-term obesity, and was
present in persons with asymptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. These findings
strongly suggest that obesity is causative. HANES I was the first study in which
racial differences in osteoarthritis of the knee could be assessed within the
same country. The black women who were studied had an increased risk of disease
(odds ratio (OR) = 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.39-3.23) after
controlling for age and weight, although the black men did not. Finally, the
authors used the US Department of Labor Dictionary of Occupational Titles to
obtain characterizations of the physical demands and knee-bending stress
associated with occupations and to study the relation between physical demands of
jobs and osteoarthritis of the knee. They found for persons aged 55-64 years an
association between knee-bending demands and osteoarthritis of the knee (men, OR
= 2.45, 95% CI = 1.21-4.97; women, OR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.22-10.52). Since such
occupational physical demands are common, the authors conclude that they may be
associated with a substantial proportion of osteoarthritis of the knee.
PMID: 3381825 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
92. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1988;728:169-77.
Dietary survey of the FINMONICA project in 1982.
Pietinen P, Uusitalo U, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J.
Department of Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
A dietary survey concerning 1348 persons aged 25-64 was carried out in connection
with the first FINMONICA risk factor survey in the three monitoring areas, North
Karelia and Kuopio in the east, and Turku-Loimaa in the south-west in 1982.
Three-day food records were used in the dietary assessment. The fat content of
the diet in men was 38-39% of energy in all areas, whereas in women it was about
36% in the east compared to 38% in the south-west. The ratio of polyunsaturated
to saturated fat of the diet was lower in the east than in the south-west in both
sexes (0.25 vs. 0.31). This seemed to be the result of higher milk and butter
consumption in the east. The regional differences in the quality of dietary fats
seemed to be the result of both different occupational structures and different
dietary habits within each occupational group, especially among women.
PMID: 3202027 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
93. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1988;36(3):177-85.
A comparative study of smoking, drinking and dietary habits in population samples
in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. III. Consumption of alcohol.
Péquignot G, Crosignani P, Terracini B, Ascunce N, Zubiri A, Raymond L, Estève J,
Tuyns AJ.
INSERM, Section Nutrition, Le Vésinet, France.
Individual present and life time intake of aethanol has been studied in
population samples of six areas of Italy (Torino, Varese), Spain (Navarra,
Zaragoza), Switzerland (Geneva) and France (Calvados); 2,965 men and 2,369 women
were interviewed. Abstinent men were no more than 4% except in Zaragoza (11.5%);
49 to 61% drank between 20 and 80 g. aethanol a day and 21 to 26% more than 80 g.
(36% in Navarra). Women drank much less and were more often abstinent: 50 to 94%
of them did not drink or drank less than 20 g. a day. Wine was the most commonly
consumed beverage (over 60% of total alcohol intake), except in Calvados where
cider was still largely consumed (over 30%). Such differences in drinking habits
by sex and region are of major public health importance. They do not appear in
national sales statistics which must be complemented by surveys on individuals.
PMID: 3187143 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
94. Urol Res. 1986;14(2):67-74.
A case-control study of dietary intake of renal stone patients. I. Preliminary
analysis.
Griffith HM, O'Shea B, Keogh B, Kevany JP.
The average daily dietary intake of 88 idiopathic renal stone cases and 88 age
and sex matched controls was assessed by history using a standardised
questionnaire. Statistical analysis was undertaken on the whole group and on male
and female subgroups, to establish if there were any significant differences
between cases and controls. There were statistically significant differences in
dietary intake between the whole group, the female cases and the control group.
Male cases showed only a significantly lower intake of thiamine compared to
controls. There was little difference between cases and controls intake of iron
or multivitamin supplements but vitamin C supplements (greater than 1 g/day) were
taken more than twice as frequently by cases than controls. These results suggest
that control dietary studies of renal stone patients without regard to their sex
may conceal many differences in dietary intake between cases and controls.
PMID: 3727217 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
95. Nutr Rep Int. 1985 Apr;31(4):837-48.
Infant feeding practices of urban low income group in Ibadan.
Omotola BD, Akinyele IO.
The feeding pattern of 915 children from the low income areas of Ibadan were
determined with the aid of a questionnaire administered on their mothers. All the
915 infants were breast-fed for varying periods starting from birth. About 80% of
the infants were breast-fed within 48 hours of delivery but most of the mothers
in all areas claimed to have discarded the colostrum produced in the first 24
hours postpartum. Infants not breast-fed until a few days postpartum were fed on
glucose water or herbal preparations. Culture played no significant role in
infant feeding practices.
PMID: 12340967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
96. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr. 1985 Feb;39(1):9-18.
Footnotes to food tables: 1. Differences in nutrient intakes of dietitians as
calculated from the DHSS food tables and the fourth edition of McCance and
Widdowson's 'The composition of foods'.
Black AE, Ravenscroft C, Paul AA.
The differences in nutrient intakes as calculated by two British food composition
tables (those compiled by the Department of Health and Social Security in 1963
[DHSS] and the 4th edition of McCance and Widdowson's 'The composition of Foods'
[MW4] were examined. Intakes of 43 dietitians who kept weighed diet records every
sixth day for 3 to 12 months with 11 to 75 (mean 40) days' records per subject
were calculated from each food table and compared in a loge tranformation. Mean
per cent differences between intakes (delta x 100) were vitamin A, +23.3; vitamin
D, + 21.1; riboflavin, + 16.0;calcium, +6.3; thiamin +4.8; niacin, +3.2 (MW4
higher) and protein, -1.7; fat, -3.5; energy, -3.6; carbohydrate, -6.0; vitamin
C, -6.1; iron, -11.3; vitamin B6, -14.4 (MW4 lower). Correlation coefficients
were: nicotinic acid, 0.84; vitamin B6, 0.86; other nutrients 0.90 to 0.99; thus
differences between the two food tables in classifying individuals as high or low
consumers were small. Mean intakes compared by paired t-test were significantly
different (P less than 0.001) for all nutrients except nicotinic acid, indicating
consistent differences in the food tables when applied to foods eaten by
different individuals (nicotinic acid excepted). Mean intakes compared by
one-tailed t-test -- as if the data came from independent surveys -- were
significantly different/only for riboflavin/and vitamin/B6 (P less than 0.01),
vitamin A and iron (P less than 0.05). For these nutrients, significant
differences in intakes could be found between two surveyed populations due solely
to the use of different food tables and not to differences in foods eaten. For
the other nutrients studied, differences between the food tables were of little
practical importance. Differences were due primarily to new analytical values in
MW4 for riboflavin in milk, retinol in liver, iron in meats, vitamin B6 in many
foods, and the use of margarine fortified with vitamins A and D in recipes. Major
differences in the (high) nicotinic acid content of beer, instant coffee and
specific breakfast cereals resulted in unpredictable differences in intakes of
individuals.
PMID: 4019256 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
97. Vopr Pitan. 1984 May-Jun;(3):35-8.
[Dietary fiber content of diets of the Don Basin population]
[Article in Russian]
Artemov AA, Vankhanen VV, Kovalenko AA.
It has been demonstrated that the total content of food fibers in the daily diet
of the Donbas population diets amounts to 24.0-26.3 g (cellulose 5.9-6.7 g,
pectin 2.0-2.7 g, hemicellulose 16.1-16.9 g). Baked goods account for the major
part of hemicellulose (about 85%) and 1/3 of cellulose. Potato and vegetables
(fruit) account for half of pectin and 1/3 of cellulose. The daily requirement of
cellulose and pectin was satisfied by about 1/3, which is accounted for by a high
relative significance of refined products (about 60% of the diet caloric value).
PMID: 6089435 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
98. Soc Sci Med. 1984;18(1):47-57.
'These are modern times': infant feeding practice in Peninsular Malaysia.
Manderson L.
Traditionally, Malaysian women (Malay, Indian and Chinese) breastfed their
infants as a matter of course and for an extended period of time; only elite
Chinese women might have resorted to a wet-nurse. But the introduction of
condensed and dehydrated milk in colonial Malaya from the late nineteenth
century, and the later marketing also of commercially manufactured baby foods,
led to some variation in traditional practice. Structural changes,
industrialiZation and urbanisation affected social as well as economic life, and
again these broad changes had an impact on infant feeding. Today, few women
remain unfamiliar with the wide range of infant food products sold in the most
isolated provision shops. This paper focuses on key sociological factors that
might predict the frequency and duration of breastfeeding and weaning patterns.
The data analysed below, collected during semi-structured interviews with 278
women presenting at Maternal and Child Health Clinics in Peninsular Malaysia, are
in part confusing. They suggest that the women most likely to bottle feed only or
to breast feed for a short period, and to use commercial baby foods, are young,
with one child only, who reside in urban or peri-urban areas and have a
reasonable household income. Higher educated women, and women whose husbands are
in non-traditional occupations, are also less likely to breast feed or to do so
for an extended period. But the profile of infant feeding practices is by no
means clear. One of the shortcomings of the study relates to the method of
collection of data, and highlights the need for detailed ethnographic studies to
better explore the variability and complexity of the patterns of infant feeding.
PMID: 6695200 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
99. Soc Biol. 1984 Fall-Winter;31(3-4):279-89.
A note on the determinants of breastfeeding durations in an African country.
Mott SH.
PIP: This paper utilizes data from the 1977-78 Kenya Fertility Survey, 1
component of the World Fertility Survey, to analyze the determinants of
breastfeeding durations for women 15 to 50 years old who had their last-but-1
live birth between 3 and 15 years prior to the interview. Comparisons are made
with the findings fro m the World Fertility Surveys in 8 other developing
countries in Asia and Latin America. Findings indicate that literacy, urban
residence, secondary school education, and modern employment reduce the duration
of breastfeeding in Kenya. In addition, the subgroups of women who appear to be
curtailing breastfeeding are growing in proportional size or are composed of
women may be innovators or leaders. A continuation of this pattern into the
future may increase levels of infant morbidity and mortality and, in the absence
of increased modern contraceptive practice, may increase the societal level of
fertility. The death of the infant curtails the period of breastfeeding. Although
there is a pronounced preference for male children in Kenya, this preference does
not lead to differential durations of breastfeeding by sex of child. About 10% of
Kenyan women used contraception in the last closed interval. Parity and age
explain less than 1% of the variation in duration of breastfeeding in Kenya.
Kenyan women are among the least likely to have attended secondary school, to
have worked since marriage, and to have used modern contraception. The most
traditional groups of Kenyan women, those who are Muslim or who are in polygamous
unions, breastfeed for the longest durations. The Kenya Fertility Survey suggests
that the subgroup of women with some secondary school education is growing
considerably. Kikuyu women may be regarded as innovators in many respects. In
addition to having shorter breastfeeding durations, they are the least likely to
be in polygamous unions or to want more children, and they are the most likely to
be using contraception.
PMID: 6545474 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
100. Am J Epidemiol. 1982 Dec;116(6):981-9.
The efficacy of a population-based comparison group in cross-sectional
occupational health studies.
Schulte PA, Singal M, Stringer WT, Kominsky JR, Landrigan PJ.
The availability and the choice of appropriate comparison groups are essential
for valid occupational epidemiologic studies. Too often, however, adequate
comparison groups cannot easily be found within a workplace environment or
extracted from the general population. An evaluation of the efficacy of using a
pool of comparison subjects from the health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(HANES) was performed on data gathered by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health in 1979. Comparison groups from the HANES pool were derived for
246 workers at four different commercial/industrial facilities in the Niagara
Falls, New York, area and the comparability between the groups was assessed for
several demographic, behavioural, and biomedical variables. The HANES groups
exhibited a high degree of comparability with regard to most variables, excluding
ancestry. The HANES pool may serve as a useful source of subjects to allow for
the comparison of disease rates where occupational exposure is the key
distinguishing feature between groups.
PMID: 6983296 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
101. Appetite. 1982 Sep;3(3):229-41.
Nutritional practices and food intake measurements and their relationship to
socio-economic grouping, location and their apparent nutritional adequacy in
children.
Nnanyelugo DO.
PMID: 7159074 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
102. Med J Zambia. 1982 May-Jul;16(3):63-5.
A pilot study of elderly people in an urban township in Lusaka.
Watts T, Chisela J, Kabaghe C.
A random sample of 20 sections in Justin Kabwe ward was made. It was possible
only to visit the houses in twelve of these sections. There were 1,586 people in
203 houses surveyed in these sections, giving an average of 7.8 people per house.
Thirty people (1.9%) aged 55 years or older were identified and were the subjects
of a more detailed survey. Twenty-two of these subjects had been in Lusaka for
over 10 years and had come looking for work or with their husbands. There were
active links with the rural areas in only 10 cases. Only three elderly people
paid a rent, the remainder either being householder or living with their
children. Half of the respondents had no animal protein on the previous day and
four people had only had a single meal. All but one woman had various occupations
either with regular employment, selling in the market or household
responsibilities. Alcohol and tobacco consumption did not appear to be a problem.
The main health problem was a raised blood pressure in half those examined,
although a diastolic blood pressure of over 100mms of mercury was only present in
4 (14%). A further survey needs to be done on the nutritional state of the
elderly, their blood pressure, and their economic situation.
PMID: 7186721 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
103. Africa (Lond). 1982;52(4):1-14.
Marital sexual relationships and birth spacing among two Yoruba sub-groups.
Adeokun LA.
PIP: Discussion focuses on the marital sexual relationships (MSR) and the timing
of the next child among the Ekiti and Ikale subgroups of the Yoruba (Nigeria).
Contrasts in postpartum sexual practices between the 2 groups allows for
demonstration of the importance of parents' perception of their child's growth
and their observance of prohibitions on sexual intercourse during the wife's
lactation as factors shaping their decision to have another child. It is argued
that the similarity in birth spacing among the 2 groups, derived from contrasting
attitudes to postpartum abstinence, is evidence of an explicit decision on the
timing of the next child. Such a decision considers the role of the child's
growth and social development as it affects adults in the performance of their
daily social and economic routines and goes beyond an unquestioned response to
quasi-religious taboos. A questionnaire was administered in the local dialect to
535 Ekiti women and 460 Ikale women, currently married and aged 14-49 years.
Appropriately modified male questionnaires were completed for 398 and 380
husbands of eligible women in the respective locations. Due in part to
conservatism in sexual behavior and family formation, the main features of Yoruba
postpartum practices such as extended and demand breastfeeding, the taboo on
sexual intercourse during lactation, and the devotion to child welfare are
believed to, and do, occur in Ekiti. Socioeconomic development has brought many
changes, but the combination of these practices with the high infant mortality
resulting from limited access to modern health care and the lack of basic
amenities assures that children are born at substantial ages apart. The need for
the surviving child to reach a consciously determined age and/or stage of growth
and development assures the adequacy and rationality of child spacing in this age
conscious society. The Ikale are an exception to the general rule concerning
sexual abstinence during lactation. The theme of a mother's trials and concern
over her children is also valid with the Ikale. The Ikale mother supplements the
natural protection offered by postpartum amenorrhea with the use of traditional
methods of contraception, most notably the rhythm method. The crude birthrates
for the 2 groups were hardly different--54.7 in Ekiti and 54.4 in Ikale. There
was only a negligible difference in fertility rates. In both groups only
negligible proportions of women would breastfeed for less than 6 months. Only
7.4% of Ikale women would breastfeed beyond 2 years, but 12.9% of Ekiti women
were breastfeeding that long. In Ikale there was a higher awareness of the
association between extended breastfeeding and the delay in the onset of
menstruation. The main implication of this discussion is to challenge the
emphasis on lactational abstinence as the main determinant of changes in
fertility behavior. The Ikale case shows that such an assumption is not valid.
PMID: 12264950 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
104. J Med Assoc Thai. 1981 Jul;64(7):324-7.
Breast feeding: observation at Ramathibodi Hospital.
Pongthai S, Sakornrattanakul P, Chaturachinda K.
PIP: Demographic distribution of breast feeding among mothers who delivered at
Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand was determined. 210 mothers who
delivered and returned for 6-8 weeks postpartum checkups at Ramathibodi Hospital
during December 1975 were requested to complete questionnaires which consisted of
demographic characteristics including socioeconomic factors and feeding patterns.
Only 17.4% of the mothers indicated that they were breastfeeding; 20.9% employed
artificial feeding, and 61.7% used mixed feeding. 13.9% of the primparous mothers
opted for breastfeeding; 24% of the multiparous mothers opted for breastfeeding.
There was a significant association between parity and pattern of breastfeeding.
22% of the mothers under age 20 reported breastfeeding only, while 14.5% of the
age group 21-30 years, and 33.3% of those over 30 years breastfed their babies.
There was no association between age and breastfeeding pattern. 37.5% of those
mothers without education breastfed their infants; only 7.9% of those with level
4 education breastfed. There was a statistically significant association between
educational level and pattern of breastfeeding. 30.2% of housewives breastfed
only, but about only 10% of those who worked outside the home breastfed their
infants. There was a statistically significant association between occupation and
pattern of breastfeeding. 27.8% of those whose families earned less than 3000
baht per months indicated that they breastfed, while 18% and 6.7% of those with
3000-3999 baht per month and 4000 baht per month, respectively, breastfed. There
was a statistically significant association between family income and feeding
pattern. The incidence of breastfeeding was very low compared to other reports
from the rural area. This evidence confirms the generally accepted phenomenon
that reduction of breastfeeding is associatedwith urbanization.
PMID: 7276773 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
105. Minerva Pediatr. 1981 Mar 15;33(5):189-99.
[Motivation and behavior of mothers in breast feeding]
[Article in Italian]
Mascherpa F, Sampieri GA, Bandelloni A, Montrucchio F, Fabris C.
PMID: 7195458 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
106. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1981 Jan 30;57(2):219-25.
[Nutritional surveys in some centers of 3 provinces of Sardinia. I Nutrition and
socio-economic conditions]
[Article in Italian]
Carbini L, Lantini T, Peretti Padalino A, Scarpa AL.
PMID: 7236396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
107. Stud Fam Plann. 1980 Dec;11(12):355-77.
Breastfeeding in Thailand: trends and differentials, 1969-79.
Knodel J, Debavalya N.
PIP: A series of national sample surveys conducted in Thailand between 1969 and
1979 provide documentation of the trends and differentials in breastfeeding
practices among Thai women. The results indicate a moderate and relatively steady
decline in the duration of breastfeeding among both rural and urban women in
different educational categories. Urban/rural differences in breastfeeding
practices are prominent throughout the period covered by the analysis. Moreover,
there is a negative association between the use of mdoern health services for
delivery and breastfeeding, especially in urban areas. Despite the reduction in
the average duration of breastfeeding, both infant mortality and marital
fertility have continued to decline concurrently with the shifts in infant
feeding practices.
PMID: 7345672 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
108. Assignment Child. 1980 Spring;(49-50):17-41.
Introduction: some facts and figures.
[No authors listed]
PIP: Women share in the income-earning and productive tasks of men more than men
share in the domestic chores and child tending responsibilities of women, and the
resulting lack of free time is an obstacle to women's participation in
development. Women have higher morbidity rates than men because of their
reproductive roles and their generally lower status in society. Despite the
additional nutritional needs brought on by their reproductive role, 2/3 of all
pregnant women in developing countries are estimated to suffer from anemia, and
20 million of the 21 million low-birth-weight babies born each year are in
developing countries. 2/3 of the world's illiterates are women, and women are
generally discriminated against in vocational education. Much work performed by
women is non-paid and excluded from market and employment surveys. Women are
being marginalized in agriculture in the Third World and relegated to low status,
low paying jobs in urban areas. A disproportionate share of the world's poor
households are headed by women. The minor role played by women in political life
in most countries limits their ability to participate in decision making.
PMID: 12233380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
109. Rural Demogr. 1980;7(1-2):1-13.
Socio-economic determinants of mortality in Bangladesh.
Kabir M, Howlader AA.
PIP: Infant mortality in Bangladesh is 1 of the highest in Asian countries. There
are several reasons why infant mortality is still high in Bangladesh. A large
number of births occur prematurely, or there is poor handling by birth attendants
leading to injury and infection. In addition, there is a gross shortage of
maternity clinics, trained midwives, and other paramedical personnel in the
country. The children are generally born in the most unhygienic of conditions.
Malnutrition is a common factor. In recent years, the study of socioeconomic
differentials of infant and child mortality has occupied an important position in
demographic research. Given the limited data available to measure many variables
which could have an effect on mortality as measured here by infant mortality, the
analysis has been essentially confined to an analysis of differences in infant
mortality by various socioeconomic characteristics. The factors and relative
contributions of the combined effects of medical services, general socioeconomic
and environmental factors need to be examined. Mortality can be seen in this
context as a final consequence of the interactions between health, work, and
income. Due to lack of data availability, very little work has been done on this.
The World Fertility Survey has given a unique opportunity to researchers to
explore this field more comprehensively. author's modified
PMID: 12264754 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
110. J Am Diet Assoc. 1979 Jun;74(6):669-72.
Dietary evaluation of lactating women with or without vitamin and mineral
supplementation.
Thomas MR, Kawamoto J.
PMID: 582178 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
111. J Am Diet Assoc. 1979 Jun;74(6):660-4.
Frequency of selection of food groups by low-income families in southwestern
Mississippi.
Koh ET, Caples V.
Food resources and frequency of food use of 1,000 households in Claiborne County
in southwestern Mississippi were studied and related to income and educational
level of the family heads. Income and educational levels of the family heads were
much lower than the national average. The data on food frequency use indicated
that the meal patterns of these households could not provide sufficient nutrients
for individual family members. Income and educational levels of the family heads
correlated highly with food frequency scores. The households with higher incomes
and more education had better food consumption patterns than those with lower
incomes and less education. However, income had more effect on low nutrient
intake than education.
PMID: 447971 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
112. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Aug;31(8):1479-83.
Serum cholesterol levels in the population of Punjab in north west India.
Werner GT, Sareen DK.
In an epidemiological survey the serum cholesterol levels of 3057 persons
belonging to the middle or lower socioeconomic groups were checked. None of these
persons suffered from any disease that might affect the lipid metabolism. The
values varied according to the age: in children and adolescents 133.46 mg/dl
(3.45 mmole/liter); in adults 160.82 mg/dl (4.15 mmole/liter); in persons over 50
years of age 181.02 mg/dl (4.68 mmole/liter). No differences were found between
the sexes. Three smaller, highly selected groups showed higher levels. Among 324
obese persons the mean values appeared around 20 mg/dl higher per age group. 168
individuals from higher social classes had readings between 204.25 to 232.85
mg/dl (5.29 to 6.03 mmole/liter), depending on the age. In 311 patients with
diseases of the cardiovascular system the mean cholesterol levels were 215.45
mg/dl (5.58 mmole/liter). The average caloric intake per day of the population of
Punjab is highest all over India (2500 cal). Most of the calories derive from
wheat and cereals, only 20 to 25% from milk and milk products. This, and the
fact, that most people have normal weight, might explain why the serum
cholesterol levels in the population of Punjab do not differ much from findings
in other, less developed state of India.
PMID: 677088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
113. Am J Public Health. 1977 Sep;67(9):846-50.
Consumer nutrition knowledge and self reported food shopping behavior.
Fusillo AE, Beloian AM.
In 1975 a national sample of consumers was questioned about their knowledge of
nutrition, beliefs about food, and their shopping behavior. Findings indicate a
particular need for education related to facts about iron, thiamin, riboflavin,
and vitamins A and D. Consumers with low knowledge tended to have less education,
lower income, and less prestigious occupations. Of these variables, educational
achievement level had the strongest association to low nutrition knowledge. Using
an index based on the three socioeconomic variables, low knowledge was more often
present among the male and older shoppers, with age having the stronger
association. Association of the three indices of nutrition knowledge, food
beliefs, and reported shopping behavior were found to be positive and linear.
PMCID: PMC1653717
PMID: 900324 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
114. Can Med Assoc J. 1977 Mar 5;116(5):490-2.
Nutrition survey of schoolchildren in greater Winnipeg. I. Descriptive and
anthropometric data.
Ellestad-Sayed J, Haworth JC, Medovy H.
By sequential random numbering 10 schools in greater Winnipeg were selected for a
nutrition survey. Interviews were conducted with 201 grade 3 children and 182
grade 6 children for whom parental consent was obtained. Of these, 48 in grade 3
and 51 in grade 6 were studied in further detail. There were no differences in
descriptive data between the general and detailed groups or among the 10 schools.
Most fathers were skilled or unskilled labourers and about 50% of the mothers
were homemakers without outside employment; parental occupation did not influence
eating patterns. Breakfast was the meal most often missed; 8% of the 383 children
had come to school without breakfast. Since many children in grade 3 had prepared
their own breakfast and since there was a relative lack of physical activity,
school health programs should incorporate more than nutritional supplements and
nutrition education. On the basis of body weight and height the nutritional
status of the 99 children studied in detail was judged to be generally
satisfactory; according to the Boston standards the boys were heavy and tall, and
the girls were normal in weight but short.
PMCID: PMC1879360
PMID: 837314 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
115. Z Gesamte Hyg. 1977 Mar;23(3):160-2.
[Calorie and nutrient consumption as well as quotas of several foods in the
nutrition index in households of blue and white collar workers of the DDR]
[Article in German]
Pose G, Möhr M.
PMID: 868166 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
116. Nutr Metab. 1977;21 Suppl 1:13-5.
Food energy and nutrient intake by some groups of Finnish population.
Harju E.
PMID: 917364 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
117. Food Nutr (Roma). 1977;3(3):16-8.
Feeding of workers in developing countries.
[No authors listed]
PMID: 614950 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
118. ZFA (Stuttgart). 1976 Dec 10;52(34):1760-5.
[Current nutritional status of ambulatory patients at a policlinic from the
sociomedical viewpoint]
[Article in German]
Mertz DP, Passmann M.
PMID: 1007521 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
119. J Am Diet Assoc. 1976 Jul;69(1):29-37.
Energy expenditure and consumption of mature, pregnant and lactating women.
Blackburn MW, Calloway DH.
Activity patterns, energy expenditure, and energy and protein consumption of
mature women were determined during preganncy and lactation. Homemakers of
average economic status from a mixed population were not significantly more
active than teenage women, but the range of activities was greater. Average
energy output for the latter half of gestation was 2,200 to 2,300 kcal per day;
per unit of body weight, the mean was 32.5 +/- 4 kcal per kilogram for the
twenty-week period. A small decline of 6 per cent in energy expenditure was noted
near term. Allowing for deposition of fetal and material tissue, the average
metabolizable energy need for this group was about 35 to 36 kcal per kilogram for
the latter half of pregnancy. These data show that a pregnant woman of reference
body weight (68 kg.) may vary in energy output by 800 to 900 kcal per day,
depending on occupation. Homemakers with small children and especially those who
work outside the home constitute a high energy work category. Thus, the need for
considering work pace and work load, as well as body mass, in estimating the
energy requirement during pregnancy was confirmed. Average daily energy intake
reported was 1,955 kcal or 28.5 kcal per kilogram for the latter half of
gestation. A mean protein intake of 1.17 gm. per kilogram per day represented 17
per cent of gross energy consumed. It is questionable whether the energy level
consumed by these women was sufficient to maintain positive nitrogen balance on
the days recorded. Lactating homemakers expended an average of 30 kcal per
kilogram per day, exclusive of milk production. Energy intake was 30 kcal per
kilogram, and was equal to 74 per cent of need when adjusted for milk production.
Non-lactating women expended 34 kcal per kilogram per day, 13 per cent above the
values for lactating women. Average energy intake of non-lactating women was 19
kcal per kilogram, with protein intake representing 19 per cent of energy
consumed for both groups.
PMID: 932372 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
120. Cah Sociol Demogr Med. 1976 Jan-Mar;16(1):3-12.
[Nutrition, health and social environment]
[Article in French]
Aiach P, Leclerc A.
PMID: 1053024 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
121. Ann Nutr Aliment. 1976;30(2-3):405-13.
[The rule of dietary practices]
[Article in French]
Grignon C.
PMID: 1028372 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
122. Ann Nutr Aliment. 1976;30(2-3):429-37.
[Expenditures of the French for their diet]
[Article in French]
Niaudet J.
PMID: 800720 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
123. Basic Life Sci. 1976;7:87-98.
Definition of the nutrition problem in the labor force.
Viteri FE.
PMID: 782439 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
124. Basic Life Sci. 1976;7:77-85.
Nutritional problems in the labor force and their relation to economic
development.
Latham MC.
PMID: 782438 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
125. Basic Life Sci. 1976;7:67-76.
The nutritional status of Latin American adults.
Arteaga A.
PMID: 782437 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
126. J Am Diet Assoc. 1975 Nov;67(5):455-9.
The dietary status of "new" vegetarians.
Brown PT, Bergan JG.
A study of fifty well educated young adults, average age twenty-eight years,
living in a metropolitan area of New England, who were followers of Zen
macrobiotics, revealed that none was below his/her desirable weight although all
were at the limit of the normal range. Average triceps skinfold thickness of the
men and women fell in the 15th percentile, while arm circumference for members of
both sexes was in the 5th percentile (24). Their ten-day dietary records
indicated that the base of their diet was grains interspersed with a wide variety
of vegetables, fish, cheese, and eggs and that nutrient intakes of the adults
were limiting in energy, calcium, and riboflavin--and additionally in iron for
the women. Improvement in the nutritional value could be achieved by greater
consumption of foods common to macrobiotic dietary practices. Calcium and energy
intakes of ten young children were low, especially for a period of rapid growth
and development. Because of the bulk necessary to achieve nutritional adequacy
with respect to calcium, increasing the children's consumption of macrobiotic
food would not be advisable. Consequently, it is suggested that milk be included
in their diets.
PMID: 1242137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
127. J Am Diet Assoc. 1975 Jun;66(6):605-9.
Florida seasonal farm workers: follow-up and intervention following a nutrition
survey.
Kaufman M, Lewis E, Hardy AV, Proulx J.
PMID: 1151020 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
128. Vopr Pitan. 1975 Jan-Feb;(1):3-6.
[Nutritional characteristics and the prevalence of obesity among individual
groups of the population in the Ukrainian SSR]
[Article in Russian]
Priputina LS, Rudenko AK, Skoropostizhnaia AS, Smoliar VI, Popik SIa.
The prevalence of adiposity and nutritional status among the working population
of seven regions in the Ukrainian SSR (teachers, workers engaged in the chemical,
metallurgical, textile, wood-working industries and in agriculture) were studied.
Only 44 per cent of males and 25 per cent of females were found to be of normal
weight. Some surplus weight had 21 per cent of men and 26 per cent of women, 9
per cent of men and 21 per cent of women suffered from adiposity of the 1st
degree and 2 per cent of males and 15 per cent of females had adiposity of the II
degree. The nutrition of the obese was more rich in calories at the expense of
bread-stuffs, potato, pure carbohydrates and some products of animal origin
(fats). Overweight and obesity were observed more often among teachers of both
sex and also among female-workers of cotton factories and smelters. The
proportion of the patients with cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders
was higher among the obese. These data witness the need for differentiation of
nutritional standards depending upon the energy spent by the representatives of
individual occupational groups of the population.
PMID: 1210182 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
129. Trop Doct. 1974 Apr;4(2):76-80.
Medical survey of students in Segbwema, Sierre Leone.
Gibson WJ, Gibson N, Lord S.
PMID: 4820546 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
130. Z Allgemeinmed. 1974 Feb 10;50(4):154-8.
[Food consumption, nutrition supply, nutritional status of selected population
groups in the Federal Republic of Germany]
[Article in German]
Wirths W.
PMID: 4824466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
131. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1974;(20):77-91.
Evaluation of energy expenditure and nutritional status in dietary surveys.
Wirths W.
PMID: 4433338 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
132. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1974;(20):193-7.
Nutritional surveys in Hungary.
Tarján R, Bouquet D, Soós A, Walthier J.
PMID: 4433335 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
133. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1974;(20):189-92.
A recent dietary survey in Finland.
Koskinen EH, Pekkarinen M, Roine P.
PMID: 4433334 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
134. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1974;(20):186-8.
Correlation of food consumption and biochemical data in epidemiological surveys
of the nutritional status.
Osancová K.
PMID: 4433333 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
135. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1974;(20):163-71.
Nutritional status assessment and food consumption surveys carried out in the
GDR.
Haenel H, Möhr M.
PMID: 4433330 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
136. Am J Dis Child. 1973 Aug;126(2):168-9.
Anthropometric differences between black and white preschool children.
Owen GM, Lubin AH.
PMID: 4724114 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
137. J Am Diet Assoc. 1973 Aug;63(2):125-9.
Grassroots nutrition--or, consumer participation.
Williams CD.
PMID: 4718422 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
138. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1973 May;27(2):91-9.
A survey of the nutritional status of schoolchildren. Relation between nutrient
intake and socio-economic factors.
Cook J, Altman DG, Moore MC, Topp SG, Holland WW, Elliott A.
PMCID: PMC478778
PMID: 4724649 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
139. J Med Assoc Thai. 1973 Apr;56(4):220-7.
Food habits and urbanization.
Rajatasilpin A, Suebsamarn B, Yamarat V, Suwanrat P, Chandrapanond A.
PMID: 4696850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
140. Arch Environ Health. 1973 Jan;26(1):41-7.
Natural and economic events influencing arctic food consumption data: per capita
results in northernmost Norway.
Gassaway AR.
PMID: 4739165 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
141. J Am Diet Assoc. 1972 Oct;61(4):415-20.
Teen-age food habits. A multidimensional analysis.
Schorr BC, Sanjur D, Erickson EC.
PMID: 5072341 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
142. Nahrung. 1972;16(4):345-51.
[Nutritional status of the canteen meal participants and non-participants in the
steel industry]
[Article in German]
Goetze H, Pose G, Köhler H.
PMID: 4659850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
143. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Dec;24(12):1418-30.
Determining energy costs of agricultural activities by respirometer and energy
balance techniques.
Viteri FE, Torún B, Galicia JC, Herrera E.
PMID: 5118013 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
144. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Dec;24(12):1410-7.
Long-term energy intake and expenditure of obese housewives.
Curtis DE, Bradfield RB.
PMID: 5118012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
145. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Oct;24(10):1281-9.
Nutrient intake of Pima Indian women: relationships to diabetes mellitus and
gallbladder disease.
Reid JM, Fullmer SD, Pettigrew KD, Burch TA, Bennett PH, Miller M, Whedon GD.
PMID: 5165014 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
146. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Sep;24(9):1119-25.
Comparison of two assessments of physical activity and a survey method for
calorie intake.
Buskirk ER, Harris D, Mendez J, Skinner J.
PMID: 5094484 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
147. Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med. 1971 Jan-Feb;26(1):5-93.
[Survey of familial alimentation in 3 areas of the west of France]
[Article in French]
Péquignot G, Vinit F, Audollent MC, Combot MP, Planes J, Sommier T.
PMID: 5563806 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
148. Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med. 1971 Jan-Feb;26(1):195-322.
[Survey of the alimentation and the way of life of rural aged people. Study of
1084 men and 2024 women, aged 70 and over, living in a strictly rural
environment, in Lot-et-Garonne, Vienne, Haute-Loire and Loire]
[Article in French]
Bresard M.
PMID: 5563802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
149. Nahrung. 1971;15(3):243-50.
[Results of representative nutritional surveys in worker's and employees'
households in the German Democratic Republic, subdivided into districts]
[Article in German]
Pose G, Möhr M.
PMID: 5172919 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
150. Nahrung. 1971;15(6):637-42.
[Comprehensive assessment of the nutritional situation of workers' and employees
households in the GDR on the basis of representative nutrition surveys]
[Article in German]
Pose G, Möhr M.
PMID: 5172883 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
151. Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med. 1971 Jan-Feb;26(1):95-194.
[Alimentation. Beverages. Tobacco. Study of a representative sample of 706 men,
aged 21 to 65 years, at Saint-Etienne]
[Article in French]
Bresard M, Grenier de Ruère P.
PMID: 5109329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
152. Z Gesamte Hyg. 1970 Aug;16(8):602-5.
[Estimation of food consumption by workers in industry]
[Article in German]
Möhr M, Goetze H.
PMID: 5529486 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
153. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1970;200:Suppl 200:1+.
Infant feeding and weaning practices in a rural preindustrial setting. A
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Sanjur DM, Cravioto J, Rosales L, von Veen A.
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154. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1969 Dec 15;24(24):907-10.
[State of nutrition and body composition of industrial workers]
[Article in German]
Möhr M.
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155. Cesk Gastroenterol Vyz. 1969 Dec;23(8):360-4.
[Nutritional and sociological characteristics of a population with high incidence
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[Article in Czech]
Hejda S, Osancová K.
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156. Cesk Gastroenterol Vyz. 1969 Oct;23(7):336-40.
[Nutritional and sociological characteristics of the population with high
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[Article in Czech]
Osancová K, Hejda S.
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157. Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med. 1969 Sep-Oct;24(5):1277-392.
[Research on the factors in choice of foods]
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Claudian J, Serville Y, Trémolières F.
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158. Am J Dig Dis. 1969 Aug;14(8):531-7.
Diet and cholesterol gallstones. A study of 101 patients with cholelithiasis
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159. Br J Nutr. 1969 Jun;23(2):237-47.
Nutritional study of the Islanders on Tristan da Cunha, 1966. 2. The energy
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Chambers MA, Lewis HE.
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160. Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med. 1969 May-Jun;24(3):517-36.
[Survey on the nutrition and life style of patients with biliary lithiasis]
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Sarles H, Chabert C, Pomeau Y, Save E, Mouret H.
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161. Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1969;39(3):259-68.
Vitamin C intake and vitamin C supply of apprentices in an apprentice home in
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Wirths W.
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162. Bull Inst Natl Sante Rech Med. 1968 Nov-Dec;23(6):1499-519.
[Nutritional survey in Haute-Marne (1959-1964)]
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Péquignot G, Vinit F, Sommier T.
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163. Lancet. 1968 Sep 28;2(7570):693-9.
Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction.
[No authors listed]
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164. An Fac Med Lima. 1968 Jul-Dec;51(3-4):132-7.
[Hunger and salary from the medico-social point of view]
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Arias Segovia M, Venero Matto H, Patiño Patiño L.
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165. Br Heart J. 1967 May;29(3):337-44.
Geographical aspects of acute myocardial infarction in India with special
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Malhotra SL.
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166. S Afr Med J. 1966 Dec 17;40(45):1082-9.
A new approach to the definition and evaluation of nutrition status and its
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Neser ML.
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167. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed. 1966 May;16(5):142-4.
[Communal kitchens in plants and hospitals]
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Rausch H.
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168. Br J Nutr. 1966;20(3):393-411.
The diet of the Tristan da Cunha islanders.
Taylor EC, Hollingsworth DF, Chambers MA.
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169. J Chronic Dis. 1965 Mar;18:243-57.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF HEMATOCRIT TO CARDIOVASCULAR STATES OF HEALTH IN THE NEGRO
AND WHITE POPULATION OF EVANS COUNTY, GEORGIA.
MCDONOUGH JR, HAMES CG, GARRISON GE, STULB SC, LICHTMAN MA, HEFELFINGER DC.
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170. Am J Clin Nutr. 1964 Sep;15:175-86.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN RELATION TO DIET IN GROUPS WHO SHOW LITTLE
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LOWENSTEIN FW.
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171. J Am Diet Assoc. 1964 Sep;45:225-9.
COMPARISONS OF SIBLINGS IN BOSTON AND IRELAND.
TRULSON MF, CLANCY RE, JESSOP WJ, CHILDERS RW, STARE FJ.
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172. Riforma Med. 1963 Nov 16;77:1285-9.
[MEDICAL-SOCIAL ASPECTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN MOLISE.]
[Article in Italian]
CARIELLO M.
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173. Vopr Pitan. 1963 Sep-Oct;22:58-60.
[THE SUPPLY OF VITAMINS C, B1, B2, AND PP OF FISH PROCESSING OPERATORS ON
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[Article in Russian]
BONDAREV GI, ZINOVEV ESh, NEPOKLONOV IuA, ENDOVITSKAIA IS.
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174. Tohoku Igaku Zasshi. 1962 Apr 1;65:418-40.
[A nutritional study of farming and fishing villages in relation to different
mortalities from cerebrovascular lesions.]
[Article in Japanese]
KANETA S.
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175. Ill Med J. 1961 Nov;120:273-4.
Nutritional habits of midwestern workingmen.
PAUL O, MACMILLAN A.
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176. Glas Belgrad Hig Inst NR Srb. 1960 Jul-Dec;9:63-78.
[Nutrition survey among workers of the industrial plant "Zmaj" in Zemun and
"Ivo-Lola Ribar" in Zeleznik in 1959 and 1960.]
[Article in Undetermined Language]
STOSIC ST.
PMID: 13917546 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]